The __________ approach to studying personality is a method of interpreting personality data that is variable-centered and focuses on finding consistent patterns of relationships among individuals’ traits.
  A. idiographic 	
  B. nomothetic 	
  C. collectivist 	
  D. individualistic

Annabelle was driving along when the car in front of her stopped suddenly. She stomped on the brake and avoided a collision by just a few inches. “Wow, it’s a good thing I’m such a good driver,” Annabelle thought. Sometime later, Annabelle was in an accident where she rear-ended a different vehicle. She told the officer, “Well, you see, it was dark and the road was wet. It was not possible for me to stop in time!” Annabelle’s different responses to her successful or failed attempt to avoid an accident demonstrates the __________.
  A. self-serving bias 	
  B. attractiveness bias 	
  C. availability heuristic 	
  D. fundamental attribution error

Raymond Cattell, attempting to transform the first published list of personality descriptors, used a statistical technique called __________, which identifies correlations and common clusters in a larger group. These clusters were used to define Cattell’s theory of sixteen personality traits.
  A. structural equation modeling 	
  B. factor analysis 	
  C. binomial linear regression 	
  D. canonical correlations 	

Which of the following factors is not related to an increased tendency to cooperate with others?
  A. having no concern about damage to your own reputation 	
  B. experiencing norms of fairness 	
  C. feeling a high level of personal accountability 	
  D. experiencing a shared identity with a group

What is the basic underlying reason why we tend to make attributional mistakes?
  A. We generally do not pay enough attention to our surroundings, and thus miss essential information that would help us avoid attributional mistakes. 	
  B. We generally are quick to assume the worst of intents in other people, so this leads us to attributional mistakes. 	
  C. We are more concerned with getting an attribution made quickly than getting it made correctly, and this causes us to make mistakes. 	
  D. We don’t have enough information to know why a person behaved as they did, so we make rapid assumptions. 	Reset Selection

If you are driving along and you get a flat tire, in which of the following circumstances are you most likely to receive help?
  A. If you are on the side of a busy highway and you open your trunk lid to indicate that there is a problem. 	
  B. If you are in the parking lot of a movie theater right after a popular, sold-out movie lets out. 	
  C. If you are near a crowded park where there are a lot of people picnicking. 	
  D. If you are on a remote country road where only one or two cars drive by each hour 	Reset Selection

_________ are considered to be lasting, while __________ are more transient, or temporary.
  A. Idiographic traits; nomothetic states 	
  B. States; traits 	
  C. Traits; states 	
  D. Nomothetic states; idiographic traits 	Reset Selection

People who are highly motivated and very able to understand a persuasive message are likely to be persuaded through the central route, while people who are not tend to be persuaded through the peripheral route. This is the main concept of the __________ model.
  A. Pygmalion 	
  B. foot-in-the-door 	
  C. persuasion paradigm 	
  D. elaboration likelihood

A __________ attribution looks at __________ factors, while a __________ attribution looks at __________ factors.
  A. situational; external; dispositional; internal 	
  B. biased; influenced; unbiased; genuine 	
  C. dispositional; external; situational; internal 	
  D. biased: genuine; unbiased; influenced

Research into the mere exposure phenomenon finds that simple exposure between two groups of people is not enough to reduce prejudice, but rather __________.
  A. groups exposed to each other will be able to reduce prejudice as long as the reasons for their feelings are not actively discussed, thus preventing arguments that can lead to violence 	
  B. groups will only reduce prejudice if they interact in a setting where negativity and prejudice are overtly and covertly discouraged, like in a church or temple 	
  C. groups being exposed to those about whom they hold prejudice only serves to increase those tensions 	
  D. groups working together in a cooperative manner helps reduce prejudice

Social psychologist Leon Festinger coined the term cognitive __________ to refer to a disconnect between a person’s internal attitudes and his or her external behavior.
  A. disproportionality 	
  B. discontinuity 	
  C. inattentiveness 	
  D. dissonance

The process through which a person understands and categorizes the behavior of others is called social __________.
  A. indexing 	
  B. interpretation 	
  C. licensing 	
  D. perception

According to Heider’s attribution theory, when we come across a behavior we don’t immediately understand, either in others or in ourselves, how do we seek to understand or explain the behavior?
  A. We try to decide how best to change the behavior so that it is consistent with our current understanding. 	
  B. We try to figure out how the behavior was influenced by a person’s cultural background. 	
  C. We try to figure out if the behavior was caused by internal dispositions or external situations. 	
  D. We try to figure out if the person doing the behavior had favorable or malicious intents.

One form of a self-fulfilling prophecy is called a stereotype __________, where people who are aware of a negative stereotype directed against them might perform down to the level of expectation that they believe exists about them.
  A. exposure 	
  B. threat 	
  C. bias 	
  D. confirmation

Behavior that is carried out with the goal of helping others is called __________ behavior.
  A. cooperative 	
  B. altruistic 	
  C. prosocial 	
  D. reciprocal

Evelyn is in a particularly bad mood because the promotion that she’d hoped to receive at the bank where she works did not come through. When she gets home, and her children come running up to her with several demands, she yells at them to go in the other room and leave her alone. Evelyn’s outburst is explained by the __________ hypothesis.
  A. frustration-aggression 	
  B. mere exposure 	
  C. conflict projection 	
  D. reciprocal altruism

What is the purpose of a defense mechanism from the psychodynamic perspective?
  A. make sure that we make rational decisions that are based on reason and logic 	
  B. make sure that people who are negative and can have a negative effect on our lives are kept outside of our consciousness 	
  C. keep unpleasant thoughts and motivations in our unconscious mind 	
  D. keep us from developing psychological pathologies that can cause problems in our lives

The __________ approach to studying personality is a method of interpreting data that is person-oriented and focuses on how the unique parts of a person’s personality form a consistent whole.
  A. individualistic 	
  B. nomothetic 	
  C. idiosyncratic 	
  D. idiographic

Why is the concept of reciprocal altruism fundamentally paradoxical?
  A. Because altruistic behavior – true altruistic behavior – has been found by research to be nonexistent since there is no action without a desire for reward. 	
  B. Because the concept of expecting to be repaid for an altruistic action negates the altruistic characteristic of the action in the first place. 	
  C. Because it is not possible for altruistic behaviors to be bidirectional. They can only go from one person to another, and cannot be “repaid.” 	
  D. Because the human animal is incapable of engaging in distinctly cooperative behavior; research suggests that egoism is the norm for all actions.

Which of the following is not one of the conditions that influenced obedience in the Stanley Milgram experiment?
  A. An intermediary bystander is present. 	
  B. The participant is affected by normative and informational influence. 	
  C. The victim is kept at a distance and is depersonalized. 	
  D. the promise of an increased reward or incentive for increased obedience