11/1/15 The Brain BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR
Prof. DeLoach
Psych 1 The Forebrain - Structure •  Center of the
nervous system
•  Central to many
fundamental
questions:
•  Brain=mind?
•  What happens
when we
damage part
of the brain?
•  What do we
‘really’ know
about the
brain? Four Lobes of the Brain The forebrain has a left and right
hemisphere.
•  Each controls sensation and motor functioning on the opposite side. •  They communicate with each other through a bundle of axons crossing
between the
corpus callosum. •  The cerebral cortex
•  The outer covering of the forebrain
•  Composed of gray matter, the cell
bodies of the cortical neurons. •  Cerebral cortex
•  Occipital
•  Parietal
•  Temporal
•  Frontal 1 11/1/15 Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe •  It contains many specialized
areas for interpreting visual
sensory information.
•  Shape, color, and motion
vision are processed here Frontal Lobes
•  They contain the primary motor cortex, important for
control of fine movements.
•  The foremost part, the
prefrontal cortex, is where
organization, planning of
action, and aspects of
memory are controlled. •  The temporal lobes are
located on the sides of
the head, near the ears.
•  They are the main
processing areas for
hearing and complex
aspects of vision.
•  The left temporal lobe
contains important areas
for language processing
and comprehension. The Forebrain
•  The hypothalamus regulates emotional and
motivated behavior
(involved in sex drive/
libido).
•  The amygdala, an almondshaped structure crucial for
emotional processing, is
deep inside the temporal
lobes.
•  The hippocampus is vital
for memory processing. 2 11/1/15 Concept Check
Which lobe is damaged if…
A person is unable to feel or locate the left side of her
body?
Right parietal lobe Concept Check Concept Check •  Which lobe is damaged if… •  Which lobe is damaged if… A person has difficulty with fine movements with the right
hand? •  A person has loss of vision in the right visual field? Left frontal lobe Left occipital lobe 3 11/1/15 Concept Check Hindbrain and Midbrain
•  The medulla, •  Which lobe is damaged if…
•  A person has impaired emotional experience and some hearing loss? Temporal lobe The Base of the
Brainstem:
The Medulla pons, and
midbrain
contain the
reticular
activating
system (or
reticular
formation).
•  The RAS
regulates levels
of arousal and
selective
attention in the
brain. The Brainstem:
The Pons
•  The pons helps coordinate §  The medulla controls the most basic functions such as heartbeat and breathing §  Someone with total brain damage above the medulla could still breathe independently, but someone with damage in this area
could not automatic and unconscious
movements (facial
expressions, eye movement,
swallowing, posture)
•  Supports communication across the hemispheres & between
frontal lobes & cerebellum 4 11/1/15 Hindbrain: Cerebellum How the Cerebral Cortex Communicates
with the Body
•  The spinal cord The cerebellum is
important for
coordination and
timing of voluntary
movements.
It is also controls
shifting of attention
and discrimination
between stimuli. •  Most reflex and voluntary responses are conducted through the spinal cord.
•  A reflex is a rapid, automatic response to a stimulus. They often originate in the spinal cord.
•  Voluntary responses originate in the brain and travel via the spinal cord to the muscles. How the Cerebral Cortex Communicates
with the Body
•  The spinal cord
•  Communicates with the body through sensory and
motor neurons.
•  The sensory neurons
carry information from the
extremities to the spinal
cord and brain.
•  Motor neurons transmit
messages from the central
nervous system to the
muscles and glands. 5 11/1/15 Measuring Brain Activity- EEG Measuring Brain Activity- PET •  Methods for viewing and mapping the brain include:
•  Electroencephalographs and Magnetoencephalographs (EEGs and
MEGs) record electrical and magnetic activity in the brain.
•  These do not visualize brain activity. •  Methods for viewing the brain include:
•  Positron emission tomography (PET)
•  a high-resolution picture of brain activity
using radioactive chemicals injected
into the
bloodstream.
•  The color of the image indicates the level of activity: red areas are most
active, followed by yellow, green, and
blue for the least active areas. Measuring Brain Activity- fMRI The Peripheral Nervous System •  Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) uses magnetic detectors to measure the amounts of hemoglobin and oxygen in
different areas of the brain.
•  Highly active areas of the brain appear to use more oxygen in
fMRI images.
•  The Love Competition 6 11/1/15 Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system is
division of the peripheral nervous
system closely linked with the
spinal cord.
The individual has little control
over this division’s responses,
hence “autonomic.”
The sympathetic nervous system is the
crisis management center.
The parasympathetic nervous system
runs long-term survival-related functions,
nutrition, and energy conservation. The Endocrine System The sympathetic
NS arouses
(fight-or-flight)
The
parasympathetic
NS calms
(rest and digest) (food, sex, & aggression) The Endocrine System
•  The endocrine system is under the control of the nervous system.
•  It’s a system of glands that release The endocrine system
set of glands that
produce hormones hormones into the bloodstream.
•  Hormones are chemicals that affect mood, behavior, and anatomy.
•  Some neurotransmitters act as hormones. For example, epinephrine, is called
adrenaline when it is acting as a hormone
in the bloodstream. 7 11/1/15 Split Brain Research
•  “Split-brain” operation
•  severing the corpus
callosum) to control
seizures provides
evidence that the two
hemispheres are highly
specialized.
Split-Brain Video The Brain and the Self
If you lose part of the brain, you lose part of your unique
experience.
Brain activity and mind are inseparable. One is the other. 8

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