QUESTION 74

Which of the following statements regarding cognitive development in middle childhood is true?

1. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, a disorder characterized by excessive inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity, has been determined to be nearly-perfectly heritable.
2. Like ADHD, learning disabilities have been determined to be solely caused by genetic and brain differences.
3. Children in the concrete operational period of cognitive development can focus on more than one dimension of a problem at a time and are less egocentric than younger children.
4. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, attainment of the postconventional level of moral development is universal, given that attainment of formal operational thinking is universal.

 

QUESTION 75

Which of the following statements is true of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

1. It is caused by the overexposure to food preservatives.
2. It occurs by age seven and is many times more common in boys than girls.
3. It is characterized by letter reversal, mirror reading, and reduced comprehension.
4. It is most widely treated by using suppressants.

 

QUESTION 76

Learning disabilities are disorders characterized by

1. inadequate development of specific academic, language, and speech skills.
2. social deficits and stereotyped behavior.
3. abnormal functioning and loss of previously acquired skills.
4. excessive inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity.

 

QUESTION 77

Which of the following statements is true of concrete-operational children?

1. They are more egocentric than preoperational children.
2. They have the decentration capacity to allow them to seriate in two dimensions.
3. They fail to understand the principles of conservation and class inclusion.
4. They focus on intangible ideas instead of tangible objects.

 

QUESTION 78

Children in the concrete operational period of development can focus on more than one dimension of a problem at a time.

1.  True
2.  False

 

QUESTION 79

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, who among the following children is in the preconventional stage?

1. Caleb believes that school rules are instituted for the students' wellbeing.
2. Fred believes that good sons will obey their parents.
3. Dean believes that right and wrong are subjective and change with situation.
4. Britney believes that she should always speak the truth so that she does not get punished.

 

QUESTION 80

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which of the following statements is true of the postconventional level?

1. It is a period during which reasoning is based on the person's own moral standards.
2. It is characterized by a respect for authority and duty.
3. It is the period during which rules are perceived as the ultimate reality.
4. It is characterized by an orientation toward obedience and punishment.

 

QUESTION 81

During middle childhood,

1. children's ability to focus one's attention and screen out distractions improves.
2. the function of both short-term and long-term memory function improves, in part because children in middle childhood are more likely to use memory strategies such as repetition and elaboration than they did in early childhood.
3. greater knowledge increases the efficiency of both memory storage and retrieval.
4. All of the above occur during middle childhood.

 

QUESTION 82

Which of the following statements is true of the information processing capabilities of children in middle years?

1. Memory function in middle childhood is undeveloped and shows qualitative improvement only during early adolescence.
2. As children's knowledge of concepts advances, the storehouse of their long-term memory becomes less organized according to categories.
3. Concrete-operational children use rote learning only when someone forces them to do so.
4. Concrete-operational children can attend to multiple aspects of the problem at once, permitting them to conserve number and volume.

 

QUESTION 83

The ability to focus one's attention and screen out distractions advances steadily through middle childhood.

1.  True
2.  False

 

QUESTION 84

Which of the following statements is true of the long-term memory?

1. It is the first structure of memory encountered by sensory input.
2. It has unlimited capacity to store information.
3. It retains stimuli up to 30 seconds after the trace decays.
4. It retains auditory stimuli but cannot retain visual stimuli.

 

QUESTION 85

Which of the following statements is true of the elaborative strategy?

1. It is a more effective method than rote rehearsal to remember information.
2. It operates on a limited level and is ineffective for younger children.
3. It is useful for retaining stimuli in sensory memory.
4. It focuses on arriving at a single solution to a problem.

 

QUESTION 86

Which of the following statements describes metacognition?

1. It is the faculty which is attained by one's efforts and presumed to be made possible by one's abilities.
2. It is the ability to react to a stimuli in a short amount of time.
3. It is the awareness of and control of one's intellectual abilities.
4. It is the perception of morality as existing outside the cognitive functioning of people.

 

QUESTION 87

Which of the following statements is true of children in middle years regarding their metacognitive abilities?

1. They show more knowledge of strategies that can be used to facilitate memory than younger children do.
2. They are less likely than younger children to accurately assess their knowledge.
3. They use rote-learning only when someone compels them to do so.
4. They are less likely than younger children to use selective rehearsal to remember important information.

 

QUESTION 88

Which of the following is false regarding intellectual development in middle childhood?

1. Intellectual disability, formerly known as mental retardation, is influenced by both biological and environmental factors and is defined upon the basis of IQ scores.
2. Average differences in IQ scores across ethnic groups reflect average differences in SES.
3. Differences in IQ scores in children and adults is mostly attributable to environmental differences, as demonstrated by heritability estimates that typically are far below 50%.
4. Research typically shows a moderate correlation between tests of general intelligence and creativity.

 

QUESTION 89

Down's syndrome is caused due to

1. racial and ethnic differences.
2. impoverished home environments.
3. brain damage.
4. chromosomal abnormalities.

 

QUESTION 90

Which of the following refers to the substandard intellectual performance stemming from the lack of opportunity to acquire knowledge and skills?

1. learning disability
2. cognitive disability
3. cultural-familial disability
4. physical disability

 

QUESTION 91

Which of the following statements is true of creative children?

1. They solve problems to which there are no preexisting solutions.
2. They adhere to social norms and accept ideas at their face value.
3. They employ convergent thinking rather than divergent thinking.
4. They refuse to take chances and accept their limitations.

 

QUESTION 92

Which of the following is a crucial determinant of a person's intellectual development?

1. giftedness
2. creativity
3. heredity
4. plasticity

 

QUESTION 93

According to Piaget, middle childhood is partly characterized by

1. a decline in egocentrism.
2. failure to acknowledge others' perspectives.
3. suppression of sexual feelings.
4. anxiety about separating from parents.

 

QUESTION 94

According to studies by Abrams et al. in 2014 and Smith & Rose in 2011, children with better perspective-taking skills tend to

1. have improved peer relationships.
2. be intelligent and emotionally stable.
3. concentrate on external traits.
4. become more egocentric over time.

 

QUESTION 95

Theories of multiple intelligences are strongly supported by research, and are better predictors of educational and occupational success than traditional tests of general intelligence.

1.  True
2.  False

 

QUESTION 96

Bilingualism is related to greater cognitive complexity and flexibility.

1.  True
2.  False

 

QUESTION 97

In middle childhood, children depend more on external rewards and punishments and struggle to regulate their own behavior.

1.  True
2.  False

 

QUESTION 98

According to social cognitive theory, in middle childhood, children

1. concentrate on external traits, such as appearance and living situations.
2. are exposed to an increasing variety of models.
3. fail to regulate their own behavior.
4. depend more on external rewards and punishments.

 

QUESTION 99

According to Piaget, middle childhood is partly characterized by

1. a decline in egocentrism.
2. failure to acknowledge others' perspectives.
3. suppression of sexual feelings.
4. anxiety about separating from parents.

 

QUESTION 100

According to studies by Abrams et al. in 2014 and Smith & Rose in 2011, children with better perspective-taking skills tend to

1. have improved peer relationships.
2. be intelligent and emotionally stable.
3. concentrate on external traits.
4. become more egocentric over time.