Researchers must protect participants and be aware of appropriate methods for obtaining information. What ethical considerations are important to research? In about two pages, write an analysis of the ethical concerns in the 3 diverse psychological research studies below. Be sure to include a paragraph of overall ethical consideration.

 

Haslam, S. A., & Reicher, S. D. (2012). Contesting the 'nature' of conformity: What Milgram and Zimbardo's studies really show. Plos Biology, 10(11), doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001426

doi:10.1093/scan/nsq081 SCAN (2011) 6, 252^256 Willpower over the life span: decomposing
self-regulation
Walter Mischel,1 Ozlem Ayduk,2 Marc G. Berman,3 B. J. Casey,4 Ian H. Gotlib,5 John Jonides,3 Ethan Kross,3
Theresa Teslovich,4 Nicole L. Wilson,6 Vivian Zayas,7 and Yuichi Shoda6
1 Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 2Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 3Department of
Psychology, University of Michigan, 4Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University,
5
Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 6Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, and 7Department of
Psychology, Cornell University
In the 1960s, Mischel and colleagues developed a simple marshmallow test to measure preschoolers ability to delay gratification. In numerous follow-up studies over 40 years, this test proved to have surprisingly significant predictive validity for
consequential social, cognitive and mental health outcomes over the life course. In this article, we review key findings from
the longitudinal work and from earlier delay-of-gratification experiments examining the cognitive appraisal and attention control
strategies that underlie this ability. Further, we outline a set of hypotheses that emerge from the intersection of these findings
with research on cognitive control mechanisms and their neural bases. We discuss implications of these hypotheses for
decomposing the phenomena of willpower and the lifelong individual differences in self-regulatory ability that were identified
in the earlier research and that are currently being pursued.
Keywords: self-regulation; delay of gratification INTRODUCTION
Resisting temptation in favor of long-term goals is an
essential component of social and cognitive development
and of societal and economic gain. In the late 1960s,
Mischel and colleagues sought to identify and demystify
the processes that underlie ‘willpower’ or self-control
in the face of temptation in preschoolers. With that
goal, Mischel developed the delay-of-gratification paradigm
(popularized in the media as the ‘marshmallow test’).
This now-classic laboratory situation measures how long
a child can resist settling for a small, immediately available reward (e.g. one mini-marshmallow) in order to get
a larger reward later (e.g. two mini-marshmallows;
e.g. Mischel et al., 1972; Mischel et al., 1989; Mischel and
Ayduk, 2004).
What began as a set of experiments with preschoolers
turned into a life-span developmental study, providing a
unique behavioral archive for tracing the development and
implications of early self-regulatory ability over the life Received 1 October 2009; Accepted 11 August 2010
Advance Access publication 19 September 2010
The Bing Longitudinal Project was supported by a number of grants from NIMH and NSF to Walter Mischel
and Yuichi Shoda, of which the most recent and active are National Institutes of Health Grant MH39349 and
National Science Foundation Grant BCS-0624305. Ayduk, Berman, Casey, Gotlib, Jonides, Kross, Teslovich,
Wilson and Zayas are listed alphabetically. Shoda served as the overall PI, funded by NSF, for the most recent
wave of data collection from the Bing longitudinal study.
Correspondence should be addressed to Walter Mischel, Department of Psychology, Columbia University,
New York, NY, USA. E-mail: wm@psych.columbia.edu or Yuichi Shoda, Dept. of Psychology, University of
Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Email yshoda@uw.edu course. Four decades later, this research is continuing to
reveal remarkable patterns of coherence in consequential
psychological, behavioral, health and economic outcomes
from early childhood to mid-lifethe current age of the
original preschool participants. Given these provocative
findings and the methodological advances now available
for probing self-control with increasing depth at multiple
levels of analysis, this longitudinal sample provides a
unique opportunity for understanding the basic cognitive
and neural mechanisms underlying ‘willpower’ and enabling
effective self-regulation. In this article, we highlight the important early findings from this research program, and then
describe a new era in this research currently being pursued
by an interdisciplinary team of investigators working with
samples from the original studies, now focused on the biological substrates of self-regulation.
To describe our sample briefly, over 500 original participants, primarily children of faculty and graduate students at
Stanford University during the late 1960s and early 1970s,

 

Larsen, K. S. (1974). Conformity in the Asch experiment. The Journal Of Social Psychology, 94(2), 303-304. doi:10.1080/00224545.1974.9923224

 

Mischel, W., Ayduk, O., Berman, M. G., Casey, B. J., Gotlib, I. H., Jonides, J., & ... Shoda, Y. (2011). 'Willpower' over the life span: Decomposing self-regulation. Social Cognitive And Affective Neuroscience, 6(2), 252-256. doi:10.1093/scan/nsq081

Attachments:

• 1506678367-Contesting the Nature of COnformity.pdf
• 1506678370-Will Power.pdf
• 1506678373-Conformity in the ASCH1.pdf