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1. In class, we discussed the observation that more kindergarteners born in the fall are diagnosed with ADHD than kindergarteners born in the spring. Model One states that kids born in the fall are exposed to less sunlight and this lack of sunlight causes ADHD. Model Two states that kids born in the fall are younger than kids born in the spring; therefore, their behavior is more likely to be diagnosed as ADHD even though they don’t actually have ADHD. If we look at high school student who were born in the fall and high school students who were born in the spring, what will Model One predict regarding ADHD?
2. In class, we discussed the observation that more kindergarteners born in the fall are diagnosed with ADHD than kindergarteners born in the spring. Model One states that kids born in the fall are exposed to less sunlight and this lack of sunlight causes ADHD. Model Two states that kids born in the fall are younger than kids born in the spring; therefore, their behavior is more likely to be diagnosed as ADHD even though they don’t actually have ADHD. If we look at high school student who were born in the fall and high school students who were born in the spring, what will Model Two predict regarding ADHD?
3. In class, we discussed the observation that more kindergarteners born in the fall are diagnosed with ADHD than kindergarteners born in the spring. Model One states that kids born in the fall are exposed to less sunlight and this lack of sunlight causes ADHD. If Model One is correct what would expect to see in kids born in Quito, Ecuador (which is on the equator)? Compare kids born in the Spring to kids born in the fall.
4. A television commercial states that one-third of people who vape begin smoking a year later, whereas a much smaller proportion of people who don’t vape begin smoking a year later. Explain why this is an unfair comparison (a semi-attached figure).
5. Let’s say I am studying people who are vegetarians. Let’s say I also believe that bookstores tend to create vegetarians. I manage to find out how many vegetarians there are in each state in the nation (plus the District of Columbia), and I also find out how many bookstores there are for each nation in the state. I find that there is a strong relation between the number of vegetarians and the number of bookstores. Does this mean that bookstores cause vegetarians? If not, explain, specifically for the data set described, what the strongest reason for this association is. (Be sure and cite one of the seven causes of association discussed in class.)
6. In class we discussed how a study showed that the full Moon was associated with accidents. Of the seven ways discussed in class that two variables can be associated, which one is could be responsible for this association? Please explain how. You need to do more than just state the reason and generically describe what the reason is. You need to address the particulars of this example.
7. In class, we discussed the “Dewey Increases Teachers’ Salaries” example in the context of it being a semi-attached figure. This is the example where Dewey claimed that his governorship was good for teachers because in 1942 the minimum salary of teachers in the state of New York was $900 and in 1947 the minimum salary of teachers in New York City was $2,600 to $5236. There are multiple things wrong here. List and explain (very briefly) three of them.
8. According to the tutorial, if your paper mentions at-risk children, is it better to simply refer to them as “at-risk children” or should there be more identifying information, such as “children at risk for early school dropout”?
9. True or false: In an APA Style research paper, the abstract comes before the introduction.
10. True or false: APA Style is used for literature reviews.
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