The textbook suggests that people smoke cigarettes to ease stress and to improve their mood. In the language of operant conditioning, stress relief maintains smoking through _____. An improved mood maintains smoking through _____.

 

____ refers to the unique set of core characteristics that influence the way an individual
feels, thinks, and acts. Personality
Temperament
Disposition
Character
2. Dr. Conway states that his research investigates the consistent, enduring characteristics
that distinguish one person from another. Dr. Conway's research is MOST likely in the
area of: motivation.
developmental psychology.
personality.
social psychology.
3. The distinct patterns of emotional reactions and behaviors seen at a young age make up
one's: character.
disposition.
temperament.
personality.
4. Baby Rebecca is easygoing and curious. She adapts quickly to changes. These
characteristics are part of Rebecca's _____. They will ultimately contribute to part of her
adult _____. personality; temperament
character; personality
temperament; personality
temperament; character
5. Of the personality theories mentioned in the textbook, which two perspectives place the
greatest emphasis on environmental influences on personality? the psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives
the humanistic and social-cognitive perspectives
the behavioral and trait perspectives
the behavioral and social-cognitive perspectives
6. The notion that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces and conflicts is at the
core of the _____ approach to personality. behavioral
biological psychoanalytic
humanistic
7. Which approach to personality takes the most optimistic view of human nature by
suggesting that humans are essentially good? social-cognitive
psychoanalytic
humanistic
trait
8. The term "psychoanalysis" refers to the psychological theory and system of treatment
devised by: Sigmund Freud.
Abraham Maslow.
Gordon Allport.
Alfred Adler.
9. In order to protect herself from experiencing anxiety, Nancy is attributing her own
unacceptable aggressive impulses to another individual. Nancy is using a: self-actualization principle.
fixation process.
defense mechanism.
psychoanalytic strategy.
10. In the defense mechanism of _____, unacceptable feelings or impulses are pushed back
into the unconscious. displacement
denial
rationalization
repression
11. One of the first psychologists to theorize about the potential effects of birth order was: Karl Jung.
Alfred Adler.
Sigmund Freud.
Karen Horney.
12. In positing the collective unconscious, Jung may be seen as pursuing a goal similar to
that of contemporary evolutionary psychologists. Why? He was attempting to explain phenomena that are universal across cultures. He was attempting to suggest how consciousness aids our adaptation to our
environment.
He was attempting to specify the physiological bases of thought and behavior.
He was attempting to describe the influence of an individual's culture on her thought
and behavior.
13. Humanistic psychologists suggest that people are consciously motivated to reach their
maximum potential; that is, people have a fundamental drive toward: self-actualization.
self-transcendence.
superiority.
self-efficacy.
14. Albert Bandura is one of the leading proponents of a _____ perspective on personality. trait
social-cognitive
behavioral
psychoanalytic
15. The social-cognitive perspective: suggests that personality reflects the conscious choices an individual makes in an effort
to grow and change.
proposes that personality may be described by relatively stable internal characteristics.
suggests that personality reflects thought patterns and environmental factors such as
relationships.
argues that personality refers to a collection of behaviors that have been reinforced in
the past.
16. The textbook suggests that _____ proposed the distinction between stress and stressors. Meyer Friedman
Hans Selye
Ray Rosenman
Richard Lazarus
17. _____ is a stimulus that causes physiological, psychological, and emotional responses,
and _____ is a response to a perceived threat or challenge. A stressor; stress
Stress; a stressor
Eustress; distress
Distress; eustress
18. Which concept is correctly matched with its definition? stressor – the stress response to undesirable or unpleasant events
stress – a stimulus that causes a physiological, psychological, or emotional reaction
eustress – the stress response to agreeable or pleasant events
distress – the stress response to a neutral event
19. Holmes and Rahe's Social Readjustment Rating Scale measures: the severity of PTSD.
major life events.
coping strategies.
locus of control.
20. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) MOST often results from: major life events.
cataclysmic events.
chronic background stressors.
daily hassles.
21. The textbook states that many people with PTSD attempt to avoid the environmental
cues associated with the trauma. In the language of classical conditioning, these cues
are: negative reinforcers.
conditioned stimuli.
positive reinforcers.
unconditioned stimuli.
22. Socioeconomic status is _____ correlated with scores on measures of health. negatively
not
positively
perfectly
23. With respect to acculturation, _____ is the "happy medium" between _____ and _____. integration; acceptance; rejection
integration; assimilation; separation
assimilation; integration; separation
separation; assimilation; integration
24. The number of daily hassles one experiences is ____ associated with the risk of brief
ailments such as headaches and colds. positively
negative
not
perfectly
25. When a stressful situation occurs, the brain's _____ activates the _____ nervous system. hippocampus; parasympathetic
hippocampus; sympathetic
hypothalamus; parasympathetic
hypothalamus; sympathetic
26. Which sequence correctly orders the stages of the general adaptation syndrome, from
first to last? alarm > exhaustion > resistance
alarm > resistance > exhaustion
resistance > alarm > exhaustion
resistance > exhaustion > alarm
27. At which stage of Selye's general adaptation model (GAS) are individuals MOST likely to
show the negative consequences of stress? exhaustion
mobilization
resistance
alarm
28. The HPA system oversees the sympathetic nervous system's response to stress. The "H"
and "P" in the acronym stand for the _____ and the _____ gland. hippocampus; pineal
hippocampus; pituitary
hypothalamus; pineal
hypothalamus; pituitary
29. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system involves a structure called the _____ in the
brain, as well as a hormone called ______. hippocampus; cortisol
hippocampus; melatonin
hypothalamus; cortisol
hypothalamus; melatonin
30. Based on the textbook's discussion, what is the MOST reasonable conclusion regarding the link between stress and ulcers? Stress may or may not be related to ulcers – the results from empirical research are
mixed.
Stress is not associated with ulcers in contrast to other factors like family history and
tobacco use.
Stress is one of the causes of ulcers but only amongst those at risk because of family
history or tobacco use.
As has been shown in numerous studies, stress causes ulcers.
31. When one faces a situation with both attractive and unattractive characteristics, one is
facing a(n) _____ conflict. approach-avoidance
approach-approach
avoidance-avoidance
double approach-avoidance
32. One's initial assessment of an event as challenging or stressful is called _____ appraisal.
One's assessment of how to respond to the event is called _____ appraisal. problem-focused; emotion-focused
primary; secondary
emotion-focused; problem-focused
secondary; primary
33. The Type _____ personality is linked with a higher incidence of heart disease, whereas
the Type _____ personality is linked with a lower incidence of heart disease. B; D
B; A
D; B
A; B
34. Dramatic mood swings are characteristic of a condition known as _____ disorder. major depressive
bipolar
obsessive-compulsive
dissociative identity
35. A _____ disorder is a set of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that are
significantly distressing and disabling. chemical
behavioral
psychological physiological
36. The subfield in which psychological disorders are studied is generally known as _____
psychology. cognitive
developmental
medical
abnormal
37. Recall the "three Ds" of psychological disorders mentioned in the textbook. The extent
to which a behavior interferes with a person's daily life and relationships is referred to
as its: distress.
dysfunction.
deviance.
disability.
38. Individuals with antisocial personality disorder tend to break the law and violate others'
rights. Because these behaviors fall outside society's standards and rules, they reflect
the _____ often associated with psychological abnormality. disability
deviance
distress
dysfunction
39. In round numbers, the DSM-5 lists approximately _____disorders. 100
150
200
250
40. The primary purpose of the DSM-5 is to provide: descriptions of disorders.
recommendations for treatment of disorders.
explanations of the causes of disorders.
the frequency with which disorders occur.
41. _____ refers to the occurrence of two or more psychological disorders at the same time. Etiology
Prevalence Prognosis
Comorbidity
42. The term _____ refers to the causes of psychological disorders. symptomology
etiology
prognosis
prevalence
43. ______ disorders are characterized by extreme apprehension and debilitating fears. Anxiety
Depressive
Dissociative
Personality
44. In _____ disorder, an individual experiences sudden, intense fear or discomfort. obsessive-compulsive
panic
generalized anxiety
social anxiety
45. Michael is extremely fearful of germs. He sleeps in a special chamber at night, wears
gloves, and will only eat food that he can unwrap. His symptoms are most characteristic
of: specific phobia.
panic disorder.
generalized anxiety disorder.
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
46. An individual with a fear of public speaking, going to parties, or eating out MOST likely
suffers from _____ disorder. panic
obsessive-compulsive
social anxiety
posttraumatic stress
47. _____ is characterized by excessive worry and unease concerning multiple aspects of
life. Generalized anxiety disorder
Social anxiety disorder Panic disorder
Specific phobia
48. Maxine spends hours each day trying to suppress the intrusive worry that she may have
forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is most symptomatic
of _____ disorder. panic
bipolar
obsessive-compulsive
generalized anxiety
49. Obsession is to compulsion as _______ is to _______. emotion; cognition
cognition; emotion
cognition; behavior
behavior; cognition
50. The textbook suggests that people smoke cigarettes to ease stress and to improve their
mood. In the language of operant conditioning, stress relief maintains smoking through
_____. An improved mood maintains smoking through _____. negative reinforcement; negative reinforcement
negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement
positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
positive reinforcement; positive reinforcement

 

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