3. A number of explanations have been proposed for the endowment effect. One idea is that people tend to focus on what they would lose if they give up something that they own, and focus less on the potential gain from an alternative. Another idea is that people form personal attachments to things that they own, causing them to overvalue owned items relative to alternatives. To distinguish these possibilities, you could test conditions where they make different predictions, or could look for relationships with other variables.

(a) Describe a set of conditions for which the endowment effect would be different depending on whether the key factor is focus on losses or personal attachment, and briefly explain why the predictions would be different.

(b) Suggest an additional measure, or possibly two measures, that could be used to distinguish these two possible causes of the endowment effect, and briefly explain how the results would be different depending on whether focus on losses or personal attachment was the key factor.