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Introduction to Psychology

Lifespan Development

Step 1 of 1

Question 1 of 41Points: 20

"Fill in the blank" question: select the correct answer.

The earliest challenge associated with Erik Erikson’s framework for development is -Select- Initiative vs. guilt Industry vs. inferiority Trust vs. mistrust -Select- while the final challenge associated with Erik Eriksons framework for development is -Select- Ego integrity vs. despair Generativity vs. stagnation Intimacy vs. isolation -Select-.

Question 2 of 41Points: 20

"Fill in the blank" question: select the correct answer.

Beginning in the -Select- 12th 9th 6th -Select- week after conception, the -Select- Zygote Embryo Ovum -Select- becomes a fetus.

Question 3 of 41Points: 10

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a condition caused by maternal consumption of the teratogen alcohol, which can lead to numerous detrimental developmental effects, including:

Limb abnormalities

Mental retardation

Facial abnormalities

Higher than average birth weight

Question 4 of 41Points: 10

When does the walking reflex disappear?

It never disappears

When the infant is six months old

When the infant is six weeks old

When the infant is one month old

Question 5 of 41Points: 10

Baby Marta is rooting. What made her do that?

She was touched by a light tap on top of the head.

Her lips were lightly touched.

She was softly poked on the bottom of her foot with a sharp object.

Her cheek was lightly touched.

Question 6 of 41Points: 10

Keenan calls all fruit “apples.” What does this exemplify?

Accommodation

Imitation

Amalgamation

Assimilation

Question 7 of 41Points: 20

"Fill in the blank" question: select the correct answer.

Accommodation has taken place when a child learns new -Select- Actions Responses Information -Select-. For example, when a child learns -Select- not utensils are called “forks.” turn form their stomach to their back to sleep through the night -Select-.

Question 8 of 41Points: 10

(Select all that apply). Which of the following statements about schemas are TRUE?

Children can attempt to reconcile new knowledge with existing schemas through assimilation or accommodation.

When children learn new information and reconcile it with their existing schemas, the older information is eliminated from their long-term memory.

When children experience new things, they attempt to reconcile the new knowledge with existing schemas.

Children reconcile new knowledge with existing schemas through thoughts that change cognitive patterns in their prefrontal cortex.

Question 9 of 41Points: 10

During the ________ stage, babies form their first schemas. They stare at, listen to, reach for, hold, shake, and taste the things in their environments.

Sensorimotor

Preoperational

Formal operational

Concrete operational

Question 10 of 41Points: 10

Which two stage attainments occur in the preoperational stage?

Object permanence and rapid increase of language

Theory of mind and rapid increase of language

Rapid increase of language and abstract logic

Conservation and theory of mind

Question 11 of 41Points: 10

Gareth is 8 years old. He looks at two lines ten coins of ten coins each, side by side. Even though one set of coins occupies ten inches of space and the other line of coins occupies twenty inches of space, he can easily tell that both lines contain the same number of coins. What does this exemplify?

Object permanence

Conservation

Egocentrism

Theory of mind

Question 12 of 41Points: 10

Which stage attainment occurs during the formal operational stage of cognitive development?

Abstract logic

Conservation

Rapid language acquisition

Theory of mind

Question 13 of 41Points: 20

"Fill in the blank" question: select the correct answer.

In Piagets four stages of cognitive development, -Select- conservation Theory of mind Object permanence -Select- occurs in the stage that immediately follows the stage in which -Select- conservation Theory of mind Object permanence -Select- occurs.

Question 14 of 41Points: 10

(Select all that apply). Which of the following statements about the zone of proximal development is TRUE?

A task that is too difficult is beyond the zone of proximal development.

It relates to effective learning.

It describes the repetition of actions that enable a child to learn new abilities.

It describes abilities that a child is just starting to be able to use.

Question 15 of 41Points: 10

(Select all that apply). Which of the following statements about scaffolding is TRUE?

Scaffolding suggests that caregivers can support the child to achieve higher cognitive levels.

Scaffolding involves helping the child to do things for herself rather than by doing things for the child.

Vygotsky later determined that internalization was a more useful concept than scaffolding.

Piaget used the concept of scaffolding to develop his four stage model of cognitive development.

Question 16 of 41Points: 10

When does self-awareness begin?

Within a day of being born.

After the second year of life.

About 5 months.

After the first year of life.

Question 17 of 41Points: 10

When do children begin to engage in social comparison?

At about age 8

At about age three

At about age 6

Between the ages of four and five

Question 18 of 41Points: 10

Which of the following is a characteristic associated with the emergence of self-awareness?

Sex

class

age

Religion

Question 19 of 41Points: 10

What do we call the emotional bonds we develop with those with whom we feel closest, and particularly the bonds an infant develops with the mother or primary caregiver?

Attachment

Security

Love

dependence

Question 20 of 41Points: 10

In the infant temperament study, which of the following occured more frequently when babies were classed as “difficult babies?”

They were more likely to exhibit higher intelligence.

They were more likely to suffer from night terrors.

They developed more serious emotional problems.

They were more likely to exhibit long-term temperament change.

Question 21 of 41Points: 10

What are parenting styles?

Parental behaviors that determine the nature of parent–child interactions

The limits parents place on their children, and the structured activities they provide for their children.

The positive and negative influence that parents exercise over their school-age children.

Parental guidelines on how, when, and how much to discipline a child.

Question 22 of 41Points: 10

Which parenting style is demanding but not responsive?

Authoritarian

Authoritative

Rejecting-neglecting

Permissive

Question 23 of 41Points: 10

Adolescence refers to ________.

the years between the onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood.

the period of time between entering and leaving high school

age 12-18 for boys; age 13-18 for girls.

the years between puberty and getting married.

Question 24 of 41Points: 10

Developmentally speaking, what occurs during adolescence?

As children mature, they select a sexual orientation.

When children enter adolescence they become asexual.

The body grows rapidly in size and the sexual and reproductive organs become fully functional.

Children develop a sense of themselves as a “boy” or a “girl.”

Question 25 of 41Points: 10

Spermarche refers to ________.

Menarche

The rapid increase in estrogen experienced by girls after their first period.

The sudden surge in testosterone experienced by boys after the beginning of sperm development.

the beginning of sperm development in boys' testicles

Question 26 of 41Points: 10

Which of the following describes a secondary sex characteristic of girls that typically changes during puberty?

Broader shoulders

The disappearance of the Adam’s apple

Increased facial hair

Broader hips

Question 27 of 41Points: 10

As teenagers mature, ________, the fatty tissue that forms around axons and neurons and helps speed transmissions between different regions of the brain, grows.

melanin

Mylar

melanoma

Myelin

Question 28 of 41Points: 10

________ refers to the way in which adolescents believe that they can do anything and that they know better than anyone else, including their parents.

The imaginary audience

egocentrism

The myth of infallibility

narcissism

Question 29 of 41Points: 10

________ status refers to teens who adopt the beliefs of their parents or the first role that is offered to them, perhaps at the expense of searching for other, more promising possibilities

Identity-diffusion

Identity-achievement

moratorium

foreclosure

Question 30 of 41Points: 10

What is unique about Marcia’s theory, especially compared to the theories of Erikson and Piaget?

Marcia’s theory is testable.

Marcia’s theory is feminist.

Marcia’s theory is not a stage theory.

Marcia’s theory is post-millennial.

Question 31 of 41Points: 10

In a ________, all the choices are undesirable because there is no right or wrong choice: all choices either break the law or hurt someone

Moral dilemma

Rational impasse

Honorable struggle

Ethical conflict

Question 32 of 41Points: 10

What determines morality?

The context of the situation

Christianity

The age of the person deciding

Cultural norms

Question 33 of 41Points: 10

Kohlberg thought that moral reasoning ________.

was determined in adolescence and did not change.

Was only capable of changing during a time of significant social upheaval.

Progressed through confronting moral dilemmas.

developed through a series of levels and stages throughout the lifespan.

Question 34 of 41Points: 10

When studying moral dilemmas, how many levels of moral development did Lawrence Kohlberg identify?

Eight

Four

three

Two

Question 35 of 41Points: 10

Which of the following is a common criticism of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

The stage model is particularly appropriate for Western, rather than non-Western, samples.

The model describes the moral development of girls better than it describes the moral development of boys.

The model describes the moral development of children more accurately than the moral development of older people.

Kohlberg did not live a life consistent with his ideas about morality.

Question 36 of 41Points: 10

During this period in the lifespan, people become more serious about developing personal relationships that will influence the course of their lives and they become increasingly invested in intimate personal relationships.

Age 65-death

adolescent

Childhood

adulthood

Question 37 of 41Points: 10

What does the term social clock refer to?

The number of events the average individuals completes over the course of the day.

The individual preference regarding the timing of major rites of passage.

The social obligations that occur after having children.

The culturally preferred “right time” for major life events

Question 38 of 41Points: 10

Compared with the other stages, the physical and cognitive changes that occur in the stages of early and middle adulthood are ________.

More dramatic

More frequent

Less dramatic

More comprehensive

Question 39 of 41Points: 10

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

A sexually transmited disease

Another word for dementia.

A form of dementia that leads to a loss of emotions, cognitions, and physical functioning.

A form of progressive cognitive loss that is an unavoidable part of aging

Question 40 of 41Points: 10

One common criticism of Kübler-Ross's five stages of grief is that attitudes toward death and dying have been found to vary greatly ________.

across cultures and religions

By health

By gender

By age

Question 41 of 41Points: 10

In Kübler-Ross's five stages of grief, which stage immediately follows bargaining?

acceptance

anger

Denial

depression

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