Please put this paper in APA writing style. thank you.

 

Personality Disorder Paper

By Anthony Hill

For

Psy2050 01 Psychopathology and Diagnosis – Summer 2016 CSS

Professor Dr. Drake Spaeth, Psy.

 

 

July 11, 2016

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

This is my perspective on personality disorder in today’s society. I will start with the DSM-5 definition for personality disorder (PD). PD is an enduring patter of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture, pervasive and inflexible and has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood. PD can be stable over time and leads to distress or impairment.

First I will include the criteria for general PD that includes a pattern manifested in two or more of the following abnormal behaviors:

· Cognition or way in which one is perceived or perceives others

· Affectivity or the intensity and emotional response towards oneself, issue or another person.

· Interpersonal functioning or the aberrant activities that are overwhelming, misconstrued or dramatized to a dysfunctional action.

· Impulse control, or the lack of impulsivity for minor response addressing it in a major climatic way.

· Obstinate pattern of indifference during personal and social situations.

PD ensures the expression of depression, anger, anxiety, overwhelmed, stressful or transient mental state. The traits are often overwhelming sense of self, image, worth and character from an ego-syntonic possession. Studies have shown the cultural variance of PD traits in the different personality disorders for males and females. Although the spectrum of mental disorders persist in both, diagnosing requires additional background and historical data for appropriate registration.

But the main reference of PD is when there are inflexible, maladaptive and persisting and cause significant functional impairment or subjective distress.

There are several personality disorders which I will list and offer remarked differences. They include: paranoid personality or distrust motives of others, schizoid personality or detachment for social relationships; schizotypal, which is a pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships or perceptual distortions, antisocial a pattern of disregard or rights of others, histrionic which is a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking; narcissistic personality is a pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration and lack of empathy; dependent disorder is a pattern of submissive and clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be taken care of; obsessive-compulsive is a pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism and control; and personality change due to another medical condition and other specified personality disorders unspecified.

 

 

VIDEOS and CHALLENGES OF PD

After watching the following videos four times, “Back from the Edge Borderline Personality Disorder, Border – A compassionate documentary of PBD and Symptoms of Narcissistic Personality Disorder, Charles Manson”, I was left with the limitations of extreme personal effect of this disorder. In many cases, counseling, therapy, medication, group sessions, family support, alternative activities, meditation and emotional clearings have constant and steadfast outcome which begins the process in recovery. After revisiting the patients reflections of their internal emotional and physical dysfunctions, I found myself searching for a methodology that provides structure and consistency in my research, which would give resolution of the impaired state of mind for individuals with severe PD. I am left with my approach to address the variances and elements of this disorder.

When the variance of personality disorders are diagnosed, there is potential for postmodern lifestyles that include the following symptoms. The prevalence and higher rates of alcohol abuse, antisocial activities, anxiety, worry, long term depressive moods, drug abuse, apnea, and limitation of basic ability to meet basic life skills.

First, let’s visit the timelines when PD became real and unclear to the patients. As in many diagnosed situations, the individual is left to feel their indifference, detached, overwhelmed as to why others don’t feel the same way, and that they perceive others of not caring about them. My suggestion as to the marked personality change, which is recklessly apparent for borderline and narcissistic personality disorders, I would state that there was a dramatic event or situation that lent to this believe that was never discovered or addressed to the extent that the individual sought their own perspective which turned into a dysfunctional pattern of behavior.

This persistent pattern of behavior caused an ongoing irregular emotional transition that replicated itself towards any additional emotion in the brain chemistry for fear, cognitive, pain, and inhibition sensory. These behaviors, result in the voyage of chaos and confusion in normal circumstances. So when the brain is distorted from a chemical transmitter perspective, then the overcompensation of anxiety and stress take effect in the body, leaving a person to feel agitated and distraught. When these character traits take effect then a person’s overwhelmed state of mean seeks resolution and finds everything they are dealing with to be extreme of obsessively overt. Thus the patterns of abnormal outburst, anger, selfishness and lack of regard for others become apparent and the first line of defense for the individual. They are in a fight or flight mode with only one direction to steer towards. This is an example of why there is so much anger, resentment and bitterness towards individuals with this diagnosis. It is my position that states, if a person is left in this ill functioned environment, where they turn to seek help, and what if the help they are seeking is part of the dysfunctional dynamics that is causing the problems and when did the natural development of family support and life-span patterns become retorted; and how do you ask for help when fear has overwhelmed your environment and you do not knowing what the end result could lead you into.

This led me into a few clinical supportive activities that we as society could benefit from in our effort to reduce mental illness and understand when it is apparent.

Symptoms of borderline personality disorders can and may create detachments from reality. Traits such as violence, abandonment, death, fear, abuse, environments, smells, visions, anger are just some of the signals to prepare for transference of borderline PD occurring. In the videos one women transitioned into a young five year old from walking into a store with her husband. Another situation in the video sighted a young lady who became very angry and manipulated and was deceiving to her mother as part of her belief that she was been harmed and abused when there was no damage of sorts being done. What were the triggers when these incidence occurred? I believe the imbalance and transmission of information in the brain chemistry is the trigger of the impulses causing the behaviors.

Video showed a case where a diagnosed borderline PD skewed another person as hostile or defiant even though that other person was in a normal state. This may be another highlight that shows when BPD can be triggered by auditory changes, facial expressions, tones or movements. The BPD may become anger and act out based on emotional chemical imbalances that are occurring at that time. I choose to believe that chemical imbalances and biological factors are also known to have triggered borderline symptoms.

The Charles Manson video highlighted the extreme behaviors associated with Narcissistic Personality Disorder and how an individual can eventually deem themselves out of reality. In this video I revisited the defined traits of NPD and saw the elements of an arrogant behavior, a lack of empathy for other people, and a need for admiration-all of which must be consistently evident at work and in relationships. Mr. Manson is described as cocky, self-centered, manipulative, and demanding. In his state narcissism showed selfishness, and high self-grandiosity. This is an example when NPD has led to death, pain, lack of empathy and disregard for another person. My mother was a police guard in Sacramento at the time and after she retired shared some moments that she was involved in while he was at the jail.

SOLUTIONS

A therapeutic opportunity to help engage and resolve some of the negative behaviors associated with BPD is offering individual counseling sessions. During this session the therapist can discover the emotional trends triggers, that occur during the incidence that a patient goes through and breakdown, dissect, introduce and define whether its normal or dysfunctional state of abnormal behavior.

One therapy used by counselors and psychologist are assisting the patient to begin focusing on what they can feel, see and administer, (ice cube in the hand) to regulate and control their environments while they discuss their condition and issues. Because feeling pain is a solution to resolve BPD anguish, this technique has been a simple answer to creating control and focus.

FAMILY RE-PREPARATION AND REUNIFICATION:

It has often been said that the family is the basic building block of society. When disorders are diagnosed, support is essential in redefining what direction the patients behaviors will be led to good or poor recovery. As a result, community support, family members, social workers, fun activities, employment, art, exercise, for some spiritual solutions and licensed professionals can be a part of the answer. When a team of supporters from the family make themselves available to the patient in need then treatment lends to more appropriate improvements and timelines. As a therapist candidate, I will strive to re-build those families members and make them healthy, supportive, and vibrant responsible network.

Finally, when the individual strives, through family and peer partnerships, positive outcomes can be stabilized and continued over long periods. The main objective with supportive networks for the patient is knowing that there is someone who truly cares about them and wants them to succeed, while also keeping them in a secure, controlled environment where success and accountability are the foundation of all interactions.

Create Community-Based Alliances

The team should be comprised of both “inside partners”, peers, family members, close relatives who work together to accomplish the core competencies and a host of “outside partners” professionals, health centers, healthy social events who share the goals and commitment to improving the patients mental and physical aptitude. As part of the counselor’s role with the patient, and family members it is an appropriate objective to integrate with local service providers, creating ties to the community and making them co-venture in the success of the individual.

 

Employment, Education and other Life Pursuits:

Because so many people have been diagnosed with PD and are working, going to school or volunteering, my belief in an individual ability to recover from debilitating symptoms has led me to look at service strategies beyond traditional counseling and social work interventions. I believe with consistent clinical support, employment and education services are a means to helping those whose conditions warrant focused activities, such as work or school, regardless of age or diagnosis.

Accessing employment services can be utilized as an important component of treatment for individuals with personality disorders. Hershel Walker, of NFL fame, is a prime example of someone who has learned to manage his emotions, characters and personalities over extended period of time. But due to one segment being corrected it does not relieve the person from all symptoms and is not enough. But for some individuals life satisfaction and a return to hope after becoming involved in activities, such as volunteering, mentoring, peer counseling, attending group workshops, and employment have been helpful in the transition into society This type of intellectual stimulation are means to assist in the control nurtured for PD patients. The goal is connecting with people doing activities that they find relevant and with personal meaning. I believe as a clinician we must provide comprehensive, culturally sensitive assessments for mental illness to evaluate psychological impairment, social functioning, ADLs (activities of daily living), drug and alcohol use, and ancillary impairments such as dementia and other cognitive impairments. The patient population should be provided with formulations in an assessment tool defined in the DSM-5.

 

GOAL

Like all people treating patients to survive, accomplish, and achieve on a regular basis can give the reward of healthy mind, body and spirit, creating resiliency independence.

 

EVALUATION

Initially, a client should be evaluated based on their condition and medical necessity. I believe to improve their condition, a team comprised of medical representative psychiatrist, licensed therapist, family member, community support group, faith provider for some with the patient will be given responsibility for providing individual perspective regarding the services as it pertains to their considerations. This may include the following tools:

§ (Psychiatric Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders) .

§ Severity Index optional has a good shorter version now.

§ Pain assessment is initially done by the physician re: underlying disorders.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

REFERENCES

DSM-5 Personality Disorders pages 645-684

Craighead text, Chapter 14

Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence - from Domestic Abuse to Political Terror / Edition 1 by Judith L. Herman Paperback pages 133-174

Saving Normal, Dr. Frances Allen

Development Across the Life Span Robert S. Feldman. Social and Personality Development in Early Adolescent and Adulthood pages 508-610

Back From the Edge Borderline Personality Disorder- VideoBorder_ A compassionate documentary on BPD – VideoSymptoms of Narcissistic Personality Disorder, Charles Manson – Video

Psychology Today - https://www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/narcissistic-personality-disorder