1. The purpose of most surveys is to:

A. explore cause and effect B. obtain information from a sample C. test hypotheses D. describe the characteristics of a population

2. In a panel study, the researcher obtains information from:

A. the same sample at different points in time B. different samples at different times C. different samples at the same time D. an entire population at different points in time

3. The difference between a trend study and a cohort study is that a cohort study obtains data from:

A. the same sample at different points in time B. different samples from the same specific population C. different samples from a population whose members change somewhat D. an entire population at different points in time

4. The major problem with mail surveys is the:

A. low response rate B. cost C. time required D. training required

5. The primary advantages of the interview are:

A. high response rate and opportunity for clarification of questions B. cost and training required C. anonymity and cost D. time required and response rate

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6. Which of the following is a way researchers attempt to reduce nonresponse in survey studies?

A. Training interviewers/administrators B. Convenient arrangements C. Clarity of questions D. All of the above

7. Hypotheses in qualitative research usually:

A. emerge as the study progresses B. are stated at the outset C. are irrelevant D. are nondirectional

8. In qualitative research, "propositions" may be used:

A. as flexible tools B. to help guide data collection C. to help with data analysis D. all of the above

9. Which is not a reason a biographical study is hard to do?

A. the researcher must understand the historical period B. the researcher must remain outside the account C. the researcher must deal with a lot of information D. the researcher must identify special life events

10. A phenomenological study makes the assumption that:

A. there is an objective reality B. individual perceptions vary greatly C. unique phenomena are especially enlightening D. important agreements exist among individual perceptions

11. In qualitative research differences among types of purposive sample are based on differences in:

A. individual variability B. timing during the study C. representativeness D. all of the above

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12. Qualitative researchers prefer natural settings because:

A. they believe context is crucial B. they are easier to arrange C. they lead to more reliable data D. they require less training

13. In qualitative research:

A. reliability and validity of data are relatively unimportant B. researchers structure situations to improve reliability C. reliability and validity are largely a matter of judgment D. statistical indexes are common

14. Sampling in an observation study includes:

A. selecting individuals B. selecting contexts C. selecting behaviors D. all of the above

15. A leading question is one that:

A. has an unethical intent B. tries to extend the previous answer C. suggests the desired answer D. reflects the interviewer's bias

16. The advantage of technological recording is that it:

A. is easier to do B. is less intrusive C. is more ethical D. permits repeated analysis

17. A recommendation for reducing "observer effect" is:

A. be present several times before collecting data B. use a second observer C. tell participants what the study is about D. use a structured observation schedule

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18. Which is not a problem with dichotomous questions?

A. Can interfere with rapport B. Can limit information provided C. Are often "leading" the response D. Are hard to devise

19. Which of the following would be suitable for a content analysis study?

A. A play B. Rap music C. Dinosaur bones D. All of the above

20. Which of the following would be best studied by means of a content analysis study?

A. Aggressive behavior in males compared to females B. Effects of a particular drug on aggressive behavior C. Changes in attitudes toward aggressive behavior over the past 100 years D. The effect of age on aggressive behavior

21. A primary advantage of content analysis is:

A. its unobtrusive nature B. its power to determine cause and effect C. its use of statistical analysis D. the simplicity of analysis

22. Advantages of content analysis include all of the following except:

A. relative ease of data collection B. clear validity of findings C. permits study of the past D. relative ease of replication

23. In content analysis, the crucial definitions are those which:

A. describe the categories or scores B. are theoretical C. describe data analysis procedures D. describe the sample

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24. Content analysis is most likely to be used with:

A. experimental research B. correlational research C. historical research D. causal-comparative research

25. The best synonym for "holistic perspective" is:

A. precision B. truthfulness C. completeness D. subjectivity

26. "EMIC" is to "ETIC" as:

A. art is to science B. insider is to outsider C. perception is to reality D. autobiography is to biography

27. Which of the following would not be appropriate to use in an ethnographic study?

A. Videotapes B. Projective techniques C. Student products D. All are appropriate

28. Which of the examples in question 14 would be found in a researcher's field diary?

A. Mrs. Jones told James to go to the office. B. Mrs. Jones punished James. C. Mrs. Jones made me feel irritable. D. Mrs. Jones should be asked why she sent James to the office.

29. Which is not a typical type of purpose in ethnographic research?

A. Exploration B. Description C. Explanation D. Comparison