1. Psychology is defined as the:

a. study of people’s subjective mental lives.

b. examination of unconscious factors.

c. scientific study of behavior and the mind.

d. study of personality.

 

22. The process of _____ could explain why after repeatedly hearing the same song on the radio, some people lose interest—even though they love the song when they first hear it.

A. maturation

B. shaping

C. habituation

D. stimulus discrimination

 

23. When she was 6 years old, Anita went to a camp where she had a wonderful time. Two years later, her parents drove past the camp on their way to a family vacation. Anita had an unaccountable positive feeling sweep over her. Her positive feelings can be explained through the process of

A. discriminant learning.

B. classical conditioning.

C. observational learning.

D. cognitive mapping.

 

24. Dan was riding a bus when the engine backfired and made a loud “bang.” His heart started pounding, and he felt sick with fear. The next time Dan got on a bus, these unpleasant feelings returned. How would Pavlov explain what happened to Dan?

A. Through a shaping process, Dan had become reinforced for behaving in a nervous way.

B. Dan was seeking attention from the other people on the bus.

C. Unconscious anxiety was aroused by Dan’s sexual feelings toward the bus driver.

D. The unpleasant feeling had become a conditioned response.

 

25. Buffy was petting her cat when she heard a loud clattering from an upstairs room. She became very startled. Now, she feels a bit fearful when she touches anything furry. This process would be referred to in behavioral terms as

A. response extinction.

B. stimulus generalization.

C. voluntary conditioning.

D. spontaneous recovery.

 

26. Theresa buys her groceries from a store that gives her a free gallon of milk every time she buys $100 worth of groceries. She has been shopping at this store for years and has no desire to try a different store. Theresa’s behavior has been influenced by

A. positive punishment.

B. negative punishment.

C. positive reinforcement.

D. negative reinforcement.

 

27. Sara’s shoes hurt her feet terribly. She took them off and immediately felt relief. She is likely to take off her shoes again when they bother her. This behavior is an example of

A. positive reinforcement.

B. negative reinforcement.

C. positive punishment.

D. negative punishment.

 

 

 

 

28. Little Will cuts himself while shaving his face like he sees his father do. Will does not try shaving anymore. His behavior has been altered by

A. positive reinforcement.

B. negative reinforcement.

C. positive punishment.

D. negative punishment.

 

29. Martha Yasso, who fell asleep repeatedly throughout the day, suffered from

A. REM sleep behavior disorder.

B. non-REM conduct syndrome.

C. sleep apnea.

D. narcolepsy.

 

30. In stage 1 sleep, the transitional stage between waking and sleep is characterized by brain waves that are relatively

A. rapid, with high amplitude.

B. rapid, with low amplitude.

C. slow, with low amplitude.

D. slow, with high amplitude.

 

31. During a typical night of sleep, the length of stage 4 sleep _____, and the length of REM sleep _____.

A. lengthens; lengthens

B. shortens; shortens

C. lengthens; shortens

D. shortens; lengthens

 

32. Alcohol is classified as a(n):

a. stimulant.

b. opiate.

c. hallucinogen.

d. depressant.

 

33. The hormone ___________ is secreted from the pineal gland, has a relaxing effect on the body, and plays an important role in the regulation of circadian rhythms.

a. dopamine

b. acetylcholine

c. serotonin

d. melatonin

 

34. Which of the following lists Freud’s three levels of consciousness?

a. ego, id, and superego

b. automatic, controlled, and compensatory

c. conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

d. preconscious, unconscious, and nonconscious

 

35. Jet lag, seasonal affective disorder, and shift work all involve the disruption of:

a. compensatory responses.

b. tolerance.

c. controlled processing.

d. circadian rhythms.

 

36 . For the past few years, Jane has been becoming depressed during the winters. It usually starts around October and continues until February or March, when her mood usually starts to improve. Jane is most likely suffering from:

a. night terrors.

b. seasonal affective disorder.

c. dissociative identity disorder.

d. insomnia

 

37. Beta waves are to theta waves as:

a. awake is to asleep.

b. light sleep is to deep sleep.

c. deep sleep is to REM sleep.

d. REM sleep is to awake.

 

38. As you become drowsy, ____________ waves become more present, but when you first fall asleep, these waves are replaced by slower ___________ waves during stage 1 sleep.

a. alpha; theta

b. theta; delta

c. alpha; beta

d. beta; alpha

 

39. The most widely used recreational drug in the United States is:

a. alcohol.

b. marijuana.

c. Valium.

d. cocaine.

 

40. _____________ refers to chronic difficulty in falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing restful sleep.

a. Narcolepsy

b. Sleep apnea

c. Night terror disorder

d. Insomnia