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The History of Computing in the History of TechnologyMichael S. MahoneyProgram in History of SciencePrinceton University, Princeton, NJ(Annals of the History of Computing10(1988), 113-125)After surveying the current state of the literature in the history of computing, thispaper discusses some of the major issues addressed by recent work in the history oftechnology. It suggests aspects of the development of computing which are pertinentto those issues and hence for which that recent work could provide models ofhistorical analysis. As a new scientific technology with unique features, computingin turn can provide new perspectives on the history of technology.IntroductionSince World War II 'information' has emergedas a fundamental scientific and technologicalconcept applied to phenomena ranging fromblack holes to DNA, from the organization ofcells to the processes of human thought, andfrom the management of corporations to theallocation of global resources.In addition toreshapingestablished disciplines, it hasstimulated the formation of a panoply of newsubjects and areas of inquiry concerned withits structure and its role in nature and society(Machlup and Mansfeld 1983). Theories basedon the concept of 'information' have sopermeated modern culture that it now iswidely taken to characterize our times.Welive in an 'information society', an 'age ofinformation'. Indeed, we look to models ofinformation processing to explain our ownpatterns of thought.The computer has played the centralrole in that transformation, bothaccommodating and encouraging ever broaderviews of 'information' andof how it can betransformed and communicated over time andspace. Since the 1950s the computer hasreplaced traditional methods of accounting andrecord-keepingby a new industry of dataprocessing. As a primary vehicle ofcommunication over both space and time,ithas come to form the core of moderninformation technology.What theEnglish-speaking world refers to as "computerscience"is known to the rest of westernEurope asinformatique(orInformatikorinformatica). Much of the concern overinformation as a commodity and as a naturalresource derives from the computer and fromcomputer-based communications technology.1Hence, the history of the computer and ofcomputing is central to that of informationscience and technology, providing a thread bywhich to maintain bearing while exploring theever-growing maze of disciplines andsubdisciplines that claim information as theirsubject.Despite the pervasive presence ofcomputing in modern science and technology,not to mention modern society itself, thehistory of computing has yet to establish asignificant presence in the history of science1To characterize the unprecedented capabilities ofcomputers linked to telecommunications, Nora andMinc (1978) coined the termtélématique.

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