1. For years the U.S. Supreme Court was reluctant to intervene in juvenile court decisions. This reluctance was referred to as the ______. a. litigation implosion b. deference doctrine c. hands-off doctrine d. leave-alone doctrine 2. The U.S. Supreme Court case which established a juvenile’s right to a waiver hearing before transferring the case to criminal court is ______. a. Brown v. Board of Education b. Kent v. United States c. In re Gault d. In re Winship 3. In re Gault took place in the state of ______. a. Alabama b. Arizona c. Arkansas d. Alaska 4. The U.S. Supreme Court ruling in In re Winship held that the standard of proof to find juveniles delinquent in juvenile court is ______. a. proof beyond all doubt b. proof beyond a reasonable doubt c. preponderance of the evidence d. clear and convincing evidence 5. Jury trials for juveniles are permitted in ______. a. all states b. the majority of states c. more than one-fourth of all states d. less than one-fourth of all states Unit 2 Examination 65 BCJ 210 Juvenile Justice 6. The U.S. Supreme Court case of Eddings v. Oklahoma holds that ______. a. gender is a mitigating factor in juvenile death penalty cases b. age is a mitigating factor in juvenile death penalty cases c. the death penalty is cruel and unusual punishment d. age is an aggravating factor in juvenile death penalty cases 7. The constitutionality of the death penalty was decided in 1976 in the case of ______. a. Roper v. Simmons b. Mapp v. Ohio c. Terry v. Ohio d. Gregg v. Georgia 8. The choice between two or more possible means of handling a situation by police officers is called ______. a. discrimination b. discretion c. improvisation d. profiling 9. Much of the situationally-based discretion of police officers is ______. a. covert b. unconstitutional c. illegal d. widely publicized 10. Youths who loiter on street corners are potential candidates for being stopped and questioned by police officers. In these instances, police action is based upon ______. a. probable cause, since loitering usually precedes criminal activity b. reasonable suspicion, since police officers know when crimes involving juveniles are about to happen c. clear and convincing evidence, since loitering is a status offense d. situationally-based discretion Unit 2 Examination 66 BCJ 210 Juvenile Justice 11. Regarding the obligation of police officers to respond to citizen complaints about alleged juvenile wrongdoing, police officers are obligated to ______. a. respond b. make arrests c. take youths into custody d. none of the above 12. According to the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, juveniles must be separated from adults by ______. a. sight and sound b. 50 feet c. different jurisdictions d. age 13. Juveniles frequently conceal their identity and age from police officers for fear of ______. a. confinement in jail b. police officers c. parental reaction d. criminal record 14. CHINS refers to ______. a. youths whom courts determine need care and supervision b. youths who commit status offenses c. youths whom the courts declare are delinquent d. youths who require placement in secure detention facilities 15. The Boston Gun Project was established to ______. a. remove all guns from the street b. target all juveniles with guns c. target juveniles on probation to reduce gun violence d. target juvenile access to weapons Unit 2 Examination 67 BCJ 210 Juvenile Justice 16. The decision whether to release juveniles to their parents’ custody or detain them in formal detention facilities for a later court appearance is generally left to ______. a. police officers b. intake officers c. magistrates d. court officers 17. The largest number of delinquency cases to the juvenile court are referred by ______. a. police officers b. intake officers c. magistrates d. court officers 18. The intake process in most jurisdictions in the United States is ______. a. diverse b. identical c. irrelevant d. conducted by juvenile court judges 19. Detention decisions by intake officers are ______. a. unconstitutional b. rare c. permitted d. only done with the approval of arresting police officers 20. During intake proceedings, defense attorneys ______. a. are barred from attending b. are compelled to attend c. may attend d. can only attend with the permission of juvenile court judges 21. Regarding actions taken by intake officers during intake hearings, intake officers often ______. a. hear legal arguments b. evaluate the sufficiency of evidence against the accused c. adjudicate juveniles d. make adjustments Unit 2 Examination 68 BCJ 210 Juvenile Justice 22. For many juveniles their understanding of their rights under the law is safeguarded and explained by ______. a. statute b. intake officers c. close neighbors d. juvenile court lobbyists 23. A legal factor in an intake hearing is ______. a. one’s prior record of delinquency b. one’s social status c. one’s appearance d. one’s ethnicity 24. Exonerating evidence is designated as ______. a. exculpatory b. extralegal c. nonlegal d. inculpatory 25. Incriminating evidence is designated as ______. a. exculpatory b. extralegal c. nonlegal d. inculpatory