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Pick the one case that you think has the most impact (positive or negative) on the juvenile justice system. Then please do some outside reading and offer information from at least one source other than a Wiki to bolster your opinion. Remember to cite your source correctly for full credit.
| Howes v. Fields | 2012 | Fifth Amendment | Inmates facing questioning by law enforcement officers while incarcerated need not be advised of their Miranda rights. |
| Florence v. Burlington County | 2012 | Officials may strip search those arrested for any offense, including minor ones, before admitting them to jail. | |
| Brown v. Plata | 2011 | Fourth Amendment | Overcrowded conditions in California’s prisons were so egregious that the state was unable to deliver minimal care to prisoners with serious medical and mental health problems, requiring a forced reduction in prison populations. |
| U.S. v. Georgia | 2006 | Eighth Amendment | Under the Americans with Disabilities Act, a state may be liable for rights deprivations suffered by disabled inmates held in its prisons. |
| Johnson v. California | 2005 | A California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation’s unwritten policy of racially segregating prisoners in double cells each time they enter a new correctional facility was invalidated. | |
| Wilkinson v. Austin | 2005 | The Court upheld an Ohio policy allowing the most dangerous offenders to be held in “supermax” cells following several levels of review prior to transfer. | |
| Overton v. Bazzetta | 2003 | The Court upheld a visitation regulation that denies most visits to prisoners who commit two substance-abuse violations while incarcerated. | |
| Porter v. Nussle | 2002 | Eighth Amendment | The Prison Litigation Reform Act’s “exhaustion requirement” applies to all inmate suits about prison life, whether they involve general circumstances or particular events and whether they allege excessive force or some other wrong. |
| Hope v. Pelzer | 2002 | Eighth Amendment | The Court found a constitutional violation in the case of a prisoner who was subjected to unnecessary pain, humiliation, and risk of physical harm. |
| Booth v. Churner | 2001 | Eighth Amendment | The Court upheld the Prison Litigation Reform Act’s requirement that state inmates must “exhaust such administrative remedies as are available” before filing a suit over prison conditions. |
| Lewis v. Casey | 1996 | Inmates need not be given the wherewithal to file any and every type of legal claim. All that is required is “that they be provided with the tools to attack their sentences.” | |
| Sandin v. Conner | 1995 | Fourteenth Amendment | The Court rejected the argument that disciplining inmates is a deprivation of constitutional due-process rights. |
| Helling v. McKinney | 1993 | Eighth Amendment | Environmental conditions of prison life, including second-hand cigarette smoke, that pose a threat to inmate health have to be corrected. |
| Wilson v. Seiter | 1991 | Eighth Amendment | The Court clarified the totality of conditions concept by holding that some conditions of confinement, taken “in combination,” may violate prisoners’ rights when each would not do so alone. |
| Washington v. Harper | 1990 | Eighth Amendment | A mentally ill inmate who is a danger to self or others may be forcibly treated with psychoactive drugs. |
| Turner v. Safley | 1987 | First Amendment | A ban on correspondence between Missouri inmates was upheld as “reasonably related to legitimate penological interests.” |
| O’Lone v. Estate of Shabazz | 1987 | First Amendment | An inmate’s right to religious practice was not violated by prison officials who refused to alter his work schedule so that he could attend Friday afternoon services. |
| Whitley v. Albers | 1986 | Eighth Amendment | The shooting and wounding of an inmate was not a violation of that inmate’s rights, because “the shooting was part and parcel of a good-faith effort to restore prison security.” |
| Ponte v. Real | 1985 | Inmates are entitled to certain rights in disciplinary hearings. | |
| Hudson v. Palmer | 1984 | Fourth Amendment | A prisoner has no reasonable expectation of privacy in his prison cell and no protections against what would otherwise be “unreasonable searches.” |
| Block v. Rutherford | 1984 | First Amendment | State regulations may prohibit meetings of inmate unions as well as the use of the mail to deliver union information within the prison; also, prisoners do not have a right to be present during cell searches. |
| Rhodes v. Chapman | 1981 | Eighth Amendment | Double-celling of inmates is not in itself cruel and unusual punishment. |
| Ruiz v. Estelle | 1980 | Eighth Amendment | Unconstitutional conditions were found to exist within the Texas prison system—including overcrowding, understaffing, brutality, and substandard medical care. |
| Cooper v. Morin | 1980 | Neither inconvenience nor cost is an acceptable excuse for treating female inmates differently from male inmates. | |
| Bell v. Wolfish | 1979 | Fourth Amendment | Pretrial detainees and other prisoners may be strip searched, to include body-cavity searches, as needed, regardless of the reason for their incarceration. |
| Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners’ Labor Union, Inc. | 1977 | First Amendment | Inmates have no inherent right to publish newspapers or newsletters for use by other inmates. |
| Bounds v. Smith | 1977 | This decision resulted in the creation of law libraries in many prisons. | |
| Estelle v. Gamble | 1976 | Eighth Amendment | Prison officials have a duty to provide proper inmate medical care. |
| Ruiz v. Estelle | 1975 | Eighth Amendment | Conditions of confinement within the Texas prison system were found to be unconstitutional. |
| Wolff v. McDonnell | 1974 | Fourteenth Amendment | Sanctions cannot be levied against inmates without appropriate due process. |
| Procunier v. Martinez | 1974 | First Amendment | Censorship of inmate mail is acceptable only when necessary to protect legitimate governmental interests. |
| Pell v. Procunier | 1974 | First Amendment | Inmates retain First Amendment rights that are not inconsistent with their status as prisoners or with the legitimate penological objectives of the corrections system. |
| U.S. v. Hitchcock | 1972 | Fourth Amendment | A warrantless cell search is not unreasonable. |
| Cruz v. Beto | 1972 | First Amendment | Inmates have to be given a “reasonable opportunity” to pursue their religious faiths; also, visits can be banned if they constitute a threat to security. |
| Johnson v. Avery | 1968 | Inmates have a right to consult “jailhouse lawyers” when trained legal assistance is not available. | |
| Monroe v. Pape | 1961 |
Inmates have a right to bring action in federal court when deprived of their rights by state officers acting under color of state law. |
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