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HAS 535 Week 5 Midterm Exam Part 1
•
• Question 1
The first step in any epidemiological investigation is to ____.
• Question 2
A disease or condition that affects a greater than expected (normal) number of individuals within a population, community, or region at the same time is referred to as an ____.
• Question 3
Physical, biological, social, cultural, and behaviors that influence health are known as ____.
• Question 4
Social epidemiology studies ____.
• Question 5
One of the important concepts from the Nuremberg Code is that of ____, which means that the subject understands the scope of the study and can make an informed decision to participate.
• Question 6
The biological cause of a problem or disease is known as ____.
• Question 7
The normal occurrence of a disease or condition common to persons within a localized area is known as a(n) ____.
• Question 8
James Lind (1716-1794) observed the effect of time, place, weather, and diet on the spread of disease by ____.
• Question 9
The modern epidemiologic triangle includes groups of populations, causative factors, and ____.
• Question 10
Identifying diseases prior to the clinical stage means that prevention efforts can begin immediately. Because the disease is already present, this is an example of ____ prevention.
• Question 11
The time between infection and clinical disease is referred to as a(n) ____.
• Question 12
For chronic diseases, the time between exposure and symptoms is called the ____ period, which can range from a few months to many years.
• Question 13
Determining the cause of a disease is referred to as ____.
• Question 14
A test given to people who have no symptoms to check for the presence of a particular disease is known as a ____.
• Question 15
A person in the population or study group identified as having the particular disease, health disorder, or condition under investigation is known as a ____.
• Question 16
By definition, the disease or condition used to identify a case is determined by the ____.
• Question 17
The number of existing cases of disease divided by the population is known as ____.
• Question 18
The number of new cases of disease in a specified time (usually one year) divided by the population “at-risk” to develop the disease is known as ____.
• Question 19
Prevalence equals ____.
• Question 20
The representation of a numerator as a fraction of a denominator is known as a(n) ____.
• Question 21
A proportion measured over a period of time is known as a ____.
• Question 22
A table in epidemiology that arranges numbers to allow the comparison of exposure and outcome is called a ____ table.
• Question 23
____ is the transmission of a disease from person to person, and may be directly from one person to another, or indirectly from one person through an intermediate item to another person.
• Question 24
One of the most important emerging problems with the control of infectious diseases has to do with ____.
• Question 25
____ is the transmission of a disease from mother to child during pregnancy or delivery.
• Question 26
The disease carrier of most concern is known as a(n) ____, which is an infected person who never gets clinically ill, but can transmit the etiologic agent to others.
• Question 27
If a bacterium carries several resistance genes, it is called a ____.
• Question 28
How many new cases of HIV infection were reported in the United States for the year 2009?
• Question 29
The probability of death due to infectious disease in sub-Saharan Africa is ____%, but only ____% in developed countries, such as the United States.
• Question 30
A(n) ____ is an infected individual capable of transmitting disease during and after clinical disease.
HAS 535 Week 5 Midterm Exam Part 2
• Question 1
In the Yearly Mortality Bill for 1632, consumption referred to:
• Question 2
Which of the following activities characterizes an epidemiologic approach (as opposed to a clinical approach)?
• Question 3
Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect:
• Question 4
The Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) is responsible for (give the best answer):
• Question 5
John Snow, author of Snow on Cholera:
• Question 6
Which of the following activities characterizes a clinical approach (as opposed to an epidemiologic approach)?
• Question 7
Which of the following is not usually an aim of epidemiology?
• Question 8
Indicate the level of prevention that is represented by nutritional counseling for pregnant women
• Question 9
The difference between primary and secondary prevention of disease is:
• Question 10
Indicate the level of prevention that is represented by half-way houses for persons recovering from addiction
• Question 11
Indicate the level of prevention that is represented by immunization against rubella
• Question 12
According to the natural history of disease model, the time before the precursors of disease and the host interact is called the period of:
• Question 13
In 1900, the death rate per 100,000 members of the population for influenza and pneumonia (I & P) was 202.2; it was 22.4 in 2003. How much did the death rate due to I & P decline?
• Question 14
Increases in lung cancer mortality, especially among women, illustrate which of the following trends in disease occurrence?
• Question 15
Estimating the frequency of exposure. Is this a use for incidence or prevalence data?
• Question 16
Determining workload and planning the scope of facilities and manpower needs, particularly for chronic disease. Is this a use for incidence or prevalence data?
• Question 17
To provide a direct estimate of the risk of developing a disease. Is this a use for incidence or prevalence data?
• Question 18
Beach City has a rising population of 500,000 robust, fertile males and 450,000 robust, fertile females. If there were 4,000 live births, 3 fetal deaths, and 40 maternal deaths, what is the crude birth rate?
• Question 19
An epidemiologic survey of roller-skating injuries in Metroville, a city with a population of 100,000 (during the midpoint of the year), produced the following data for a particular year:
Number of skaters in Metroville during any given month 12,000
Roller-skating injuries in Metroville 600
Total number of residents injured from roller-skating 1,800
Total number of deaths from roller-skating 90
Total number of deaths from all causes 900
The cause-specific mortality rate from roller-skating was:
• Question 20
Blood pressure measurements on adult males 30-39 years of age were obtained in a survey of a representative sample of Twin Cities households. To compare the frequency of hypertension in the white and non-white population surveyed, the most appropriate measure is the:
• Question 21
To express the burden or extent of some condition or attribute in a population. Is this a use for incidence or prevalence data?
• Question 22
The fundamental tool for etiologic studies of both acute and chronic diseases. Is this a use for incidence or prevalence data?
• Question 23
Which of the following statements most accurately expresses the downward-drift hypothesis for schizophrenia?
• Question 24
Age-specific and age-adjusted mortality rates by sex in the United States generally show the following sex differences:
• Question 25
The use of GIS may be thought of as following the heritage of:
• Question 26
Lung cancer mortality among women is increasing faster than among men. What factor(s) would most likely account for this increased cancer rate?
• Question 27
Descriptive epidemiology has the following characteristics (Choose the incorrect
option):
• Question 28
A null hypothesis is most similar to which of the following?
• Question 29
Which of Mill’s four canons suggests that there is an association between frequency of disease and the potency of a causative factor?
• Question 30
Which of the following statements most accurately expresses the breeder hypothesis for schizophrenia?