HAS 535 Week 11 Final Exam Part 1

• Question 1

 

 

The first step in any epidemiological investigation is to ____.

 

• Question 2

 

 

Physical, biological, social, cultural, and behaviors that influence health are known as ____.

 

• Question 3

 

 

The biological cause of a problem or disease is known as ____.

 

• Question 4

 

 

Determining the cause of a disease is referred to as ____.

 

• Question 5

 

 

The time between infection and clinical disease is referred to as a(n) ____.

 

• Question 6

 

 

The modern epidemiologic triangle includes groups of populations, causative factors, and ____.

 

• Question 7

 

 

Consider a food borne illness that is being investigated from a restaurant during a one week period.  Anyone who ate at that restaurant, and had vomiting and diarrhea during that week, could be considered a(n) ____ even if they had not gone to see their doctor.

 

• Question 8

 

 

Prevalence equals ____.

 

• Question 9

 

 

The representation of a numerator as a fraction of a denominator is known as a(n) ____.

 

• Question 10

 

 

One of the most important emerging problems with the control of infectious diseases has to do with ____.

 

• Question 11

 

 

____ is the transmission of a disease from person to person, and may be directly from one person to another, or indirectly from one person through an intermediate item to another person.

 

• Question 12

 

 

Infectious diseases are responsible for ____% of worldwide deaths in children under 15 years old and ____% of deaths in people aged 15-59 years old.

 

• Question 13

 

 

Most outbreaks of respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are ____, as are some food or water borne outbreaks, such as those occurring from norovirus infections.

 

• Question 14

 

 

Once the population at risk has been identified, it’s finally time to develop a(n) ____ about the suspected cause of the outbreak and then test it.

 

• Question 15

 

 

In an outbreak, a ____ is the quickest study to complete because the investigator usually has access to a group of cases from the outbreak itself.

 

• Question 16

 

 

The World Health Organization recognized the success of immunization programs and selected three diseases for eradication. Which of the following was not targeted?

 

• Question 17

 

 

The MMR vaccine is a live, attenuated vaccine that combines antigens for what infectious diseases?

 

• Question 18

 

 

Anthrax is caused by ____.

 

• Question 19

 

 

The brain consists of two major hemispheres, the right and the left, which are joined by tissue called the corpus callosum. The right hemisphere controls movements of which part of the body?

 

• Question 20

 

 

In 1970, cardiovascular research indicated that high blood pressure (hypertension) increased the risk of ____.

 

• Question 21

 

 

Which race/ethnicity has the highest prevalence of heart disease, at 11.9%?

 

• Question 22

 

 

Exposure to carcinogens is a significant risk factor for cancer. What is the most studied carcinogen?

 

• Question 23

 

 

Cancer in the ____ is the second most common cancer when considering men and women combined.

 

• Question 24

 

 

What is the strongest risk factor for pancreatic cancer?

 

• Question 25

 

 

Prevalence of diabetes varies greatly among different ethnic groups. What group has the highest prevalence?

 

• Question 26

 

 

What is the single best predictor (strongest risk factor) Type 2 diabetes?

 

• Question 27

 

 

Body Mass Index (BMI) is the measure used to define overweight and obesity. Obesity is defined as a BMI of what measure?

 

• Question 28

 

 

What parasitic disease is endemic in many developing countries and causes severe symptoms including rash, itch, fever, chills, coughing, and muscle aches?

 

• Question 29

 

 

Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by ____ transmitted through contaminated water or food.

 

• Question 30

 

 

What is the average life expectancy in the United States (as of 2008)?

 

HAS 535 Week 11 Final Exam Part 2

•

• Question 1

 

 

In the Yearly Mortality Bill for 1632, consumption referred to:

 

• Question 2

 

 

Which of the following is not usually an aim of epidemiology?

 

• Question 3

 

 

Which of the following activities characterizes an epidemiologic approach (as opposed to a clinical approach)?

 

• Question 4

 

 

Indicate the level of prevention that is represented by pasteurization of milk

 

• Question 5

 

 

Indicate the level of prevention that is represented by nutritional counseling for pregnant women

 

• Question 6

 

 

In 1900, the death rate per 100,000 members of the population for influenza and pneumonia (I & P) was 202.2; it was 22.4 in 2003. How much did the death rate due to I & P decline?

 

• Question 7

 

 

The fundamental tool for etiologic studies of both acute and chronic diseases. Is this a use for incidence or prevalence data?

 

• Question 8

 

 

An epidemiologic survey of roller-skating injuries in Metroville, a city with a population of 100,000 (during the midpoint of the year), produced the following data for a particular year:

 

Number of skaters in Metroville during any given month 12,000

Roller-skating injuries in Metroville 600

Total number of residents injured from roller-skating 1,800

Total number of deaths from roller-skating 90

Total number of deaths from all causes 900

 

 

The proportional mortality ratio (%) due to roller-skating was:

 

• Question 9

 

 

Determining workload and planning the scope of facilities and manpower needs, particularly for chronic disease. Is this a use for incidence or prevalence data?

 

• Question 10

 

 

Which of the following statements most accurately expresses the breeder hypothesis for schizophrenia?

 

• Question 11

 

 

Which of Mill’s four canons suggests that there is an association between frequency of disease and the potency of a causative factor?

 

• Question 12

 

 

According to classic studies, age-standardized morbidity rates in the United States for acute conditions, chronic conditions, and disability due to acute conditions show the following sex differences:

 

• Question 13

 

 

An abrupt drop in mortality due to a specific disease from one year to the next is most likely due to:

 

• Question 14

 

 

Cautious use of information from death certificates is warranted because:

 

• Question 15

 

 

A large medical center’s oncology program reported an increased number of cases of pancreatic cancer during a certain month. The hospital’s epidemiologist decided to research the problem. Tumor registry records were searched to identify all cases of pancreatic cancer during a five-year period; cancer patients were matched with patients treated for other diseases during the same five-year period. All subjects in the study were questioned about lifestyle factors including alcohol, tea, and coffee consumption. The resulting data are as follows:

DATA

  Cancer Patients Other Patients

  Men Women Men Women

LIFESTYLE VARIABLE  

Alcohol 185 120 270 260

Tea Drinking 140 110 230 225

Coffee Drinking 190 140 270 240

 

 

Note:   Total number of male cancer patients = 200.

            Total number of female cancer patients = 150.

            Total number of male patients (other diseases) = 300.

            Total number of female patients (other diseases) = 300.

 

What type of study is this?

 

• Question 16

 

 

Case-control studies are among the best observational designs to study diseases of:

 

• Question 17

 

 

In case-control studies, the odds ratio is used as an estimate of the relative risk. In order for this approximation to be reasonable, some conditions must be met. Which of the following conditions is not necessary in order to use the odds ratio to estimate the relative risk?

 

• Question 18

 

 

A five-year prospective cohort study has just been completed. The study was designed to assess the association between supplemental vitamin A exposure and mortality and morbidity for measles. The RR for incidence of measles was 0.75 and the RR for measles mortality was 0.5. Which statement is correct?

 

• Question 19

 

 

Which of the following individuals helped draw people’s attention to the method of cohort analysis?

 

• Question 20

 

 

An ambispective cohort study is also known as a:

 

• Question 21

 

 

The degree of agreement among several trained experts refers to:

 

• Question 22

 

 

A new blood test has been developed to screen for disease Z. Researchers establish 50 units as a cut point above which a test is considered positive and thereby indicative of disease. The test manufacturers determine that the test’s sensitivity is unacceptably low. However, the manufacturers are not concerned with the specificity and do not want the cost of the test to rise. How can they improve the sensitivity of the test?

 

• Question 23

 

 

A new antibody test detects serum antibodies against virus X (sensitivity 99%, specificity 90%). When applied in a group of hospitalized patients diagnosed as having virus X infections, the test is found to have a positive predictive value of 85%. When used to screen a group of healthy blood donors for virus X infections, the test is found to have a positive predictive value of 30%. Which of the following best explains this difference between the positive predictive values?

 

• Question 24

 

 

An outbreak of salmonellosis occurred after an epidemiology department luncheon, which was attended by 485 faculty and staff. Assume everyone ate the same food items. Sixty-five people had fever and diarrhea, five of these people were severely affected. Subsequent laboratory tests on everyone who attended the luncheon revealed an additional 72 cases.  The attack rate of salmonellosis was:

 

• Question 25

 

 

Community A receives its water from several sources. The water source responsible for causing an outbreak of disease X is unknown. The best evidence to determine which suspected water supply is responsible would be:

 

• Question 26

 

 

The table below shows the mumps experience of children in 390 families exposed to mumps by a primary case within the family:

  Population Cases

Age in years Total No. susceptible before primary cases occurred Primary Secondary

2 − 4 300 250 100 50

5 − 9 450 420 204 87

10 − 19 152 84 25 15

 

 

                        The secondary attack rate among children aged two to four years is:

 

• Question 27

 

 

The time period between initial exposure and a measurable response:

 

• Question 28

 

 

It has been suggested that occupational exposure to benzene in the petroleum industry increases the risk of developing leukemia. The levels of benzene to which workers in this industry have been exposed were high from 1940 to 1970, but since 1970 have been significantly reduced. What kind of study design, using petroleum workers, would provide the most useful information on whether benzene affects incidence rates of leukemia in this industry? You may assume that records of individual worker assignments to jobs involving benzene exposure have been maintained by the industry.

 

• Question 29

 

 

Which of the following statements describes a stressful life event?

 

• Question 30

 

 

Which of the following conditions would not be likely to be considered a Western or way-of-life disease?

 

 

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Status NEW Posted 15 Sep 2019 03:09 PM My Price 15.00

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