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All of the following were motivations for maritime exploration among the Portuguese and Spanish EXCEPT __________.
The Portuguese invented new types of sails and lighter vessels to sail down the African coast.
Moving goods along the Silk Road was difficult and travel over water was more efficient.
Spain expected fortunes from Columbus’ voyage to help spread Christianity and fight against Islam.
Europeans had developed a taste for silk and exotic spices that were only available in the East.
Spain wanted to gain the upper hand over Portugal in trade and empire building.
Spain and Portugal were in competition to be the first country to circumnavigate the glo
Categorize the actions as examples of "globalization," "colonization," or "commodification."
= Correct Answer
= Answer
globalization colonization commodification
finding a market for chocolate in Europe
establishing a water route because the Silk Road was inefficient
extracting natural resources from one area for the benefit of another country
Choose the two false statements about the impacts of the Columbian exchange for Europe and the New World.
Europeans gained new foods, customs, plants, and animals.
Invisible microbes carried by Europeans had little effect in the New World.
Many Europeans adopted the religious frameworks of Native Americans.
Old World animals such as horses and sheep thrived in the New World.
Native peoples introduced Europeans to chocolate.
Conflicting ideas about property ownership between Europeans and Native American populations emerged.
Choose the false statement about Spanish colonization in the New World.
King Philip II authorized the Spanish to destroy a French settlement in Florida.
Spain's first significant conquests in the Americas took place in North America.
Spain intended to both explore and conquer the lands and the peoples of the Americas.
Gold and silver from the New World enriched the Spanish monarchy.
The Spanish made strategic alliances with some native peoples to conquer larger empires.
The Spanish portrayed their victory over the Aztecs as proof of European superiority.
Choose "true" if the statement reveals an effect of the Protestant Reformation and choose "false" if it does not.
= Correct Answer
= Answer
true false
Puritans set their sights on North America as a way to practice a more pure form of Christianity
The colony of Roanoke was established for Catholic Spain in order to launch raids on English ships
Religious turmoil in Europe delayed England's attempts to build an empire in the Americas.
Match each individual to the statement that exemplifies his criticism of the Catholic Church in the 1500s.
Martin Luther
Henry the VIII
John Calvin
A.“It is not the authority of the Catholic Church, nor the Pope, that shall determine the legitimacy of my lineage and descendants.”
B.“Faith and good works alone are not enough to earn God’s grace, and the Church stands between man’s nature and his eternal glory.”
C.“I will refuse to pay tithes as demanded by the Church because their purpose is not to glorify God but to line the pockets of the priests!”
D.“We must be allowed to read the Scriptures in our own language so that we are prepared to meet our God if we are chosen by Him for redemption.”
Choose the sentence that best summarizes interactions between Native Americans and Europeans in the early colonial period.
Interactions were commonplace and friendly and resulted in a general sense of mutual respect and cooperation.
Interactions were inevitable and complex and resulted in significant and permanent changes in North America.
Interactions were forced as the Europeans worked tirelessly to impose their way of life upon the Native Americans.
Interactions were limited and hostile and resulted in heavy casualties for both sides and long-standing estrangement.
Interactions were reserved and one-sided and resulted in Europeans enticing Native American cooperation with European goods.
Interactions were common because Native Americans demanded that Europeans continually to provide them with new goods and gifts.
Classify the statements as reflective of French, Spanish, or English actions in the New World.
= Correct Answer
= Answer
Spanish English French
Fur traders and missionaries explored the Great Lakes region and the Mississippi River.
Conquistadores wanted land, gold, and the conversion of native tribes to Catholicism.
Its first attempt to establish a permanent colony in North America ended in failure.
Match the following individuals with the most likely statement they would have provided during the colonization of North America.
English entrepreneur in Virginia
French explorer in Canada
Spanish conquistador
A."We have engaged with the native people here in order to create maps for future exploration in the Americas."
B.“Exchanging gifts and learning to communicate with one another is the more effective method of negotiating and interacting with native peoples.”
C.“Because the Catholic Church has granted us the authority, we will rule over this part of the world and all of its inhabitants.”
D.“There are many opportunities for trade and commerce in this land and the native tribes will learn to prefer our superior tools and methods.”
The economic philosophy of (A) mercantilism was the belief that nations, not individuals, created prosperity and that the acquisition of new lands and natural resources was key to economic success.
Further, a new economic relationship was established by European slave traders transporting slaves to the Americas, who then produced commodities that were transported to Europe. This relationship was known as the (B) Triangular Trade system.
A
consumerism commodification mercantilism globalization capitalism
B
Mercantile Exchange European Market Middle Passage Triangular Trade Atlantic World
Sequence the events as they occurred within this trade system.
1.c. The British exchange their goods for Africans who have been kidnapped or sold into slavery.
2.a. Ships loaded with slaves head for the Americas, where they are sold as a labor force.
3.b. The ship takes on raw materials and returns to Great Britain.
a. Ships loaded with slaves head for the Americas, where they are sold as a labor force.
b. The ship takes on raw materials and returns to Great Britain.
c. The British exchange their goods for Africans who have been kidnapped or sold into slavery.
Though slavery had a long history in the Old World, a new form of human bondage emerged in the New World.
Choose the FALSE statement about slavery in the Old World before the rise of racial slavery in the Americas.
Debts could be worked off through a form of slavery.
Chattel slavery was uncommon.
Slavery was often a temporary condition.
Slaves often became parts of households.
Famine or war might lead to an exchange of servitude for protection.
Africans were targeted by Asian traders.
Select the two statements that are true about the historian's practice and the "Age of Exploration."
Native Americans, Europeans and Africans all had unique experiences related to colonization of North America.
Historical thinking skills apply only to analyzing the details of events that occurred in the past, such as colonization and early globalization.
Historians apply different lenses and account for a variety of perspectives when coming to conclusions about colonization of North America.
Successful colonization of North America by the Europeans was inevitable.
The history of globalization stretches back to the Industrial Revolution when transportation became more efficient.
The most important perspective to consider when studying colonization is that of the Europeans.
Choose the false statement about motivations for maritime exploration by the Spanish and the Portuguese.
After defeating the Muslims and regaining control of Spain, the monarchy turned its attention to the seas.
Columbus believed he could reach India by sailing west, which would vastly expand trade markets for Spain.
Portugal established posts in China and Japan, which gave it almost unrivaled control over nautical trade routes.
The expected wealth from Columbus’s successful voyage would be used to support an invasion of Portugal.
Spanish monarchs knew the Portuguese had reached the southern tip of Africa and would soon reach Asia.
Spain wanted to expand Catholicism and to acquire a commercial and nautical advantage over Portugal.
Categorize the actions as examples of "globalization," "colonization," or "commodification."
= Correct Answer
= Answer
globalization colonization commodification
finding a market for chocolate in Europe
establishing a water route because the Silk Road was inefficient
extracting natural resources from one area for the benefit of another country
Choose two false statements about the impacts of the Columbian exchange for Europe and the New World.
Native Americans successfully incorporated European livestock into their societies.
The discovery of new products in the New World changed the habits of Europeans.
The influence of the Christian faith in Europe was weakened.
The power and influence of European monarchies grew.
Items used for ritual purposes in Europe became commodities among Native Americans.
Disease decimated Native American populations.
Given the excerpt from this primary source, which statement best explains the French perspective on Native Americans?
The French were critical of the way Native Americans treated women and children.
The French were deeply influenced by the viewpoints of the Spanish explorers who had come before them.
The French perspective was colored by their own cultural assumptions about behavior, gender, and social order.
The French wanted to warn other Europeans against attempting to colonize the territory in North America claimed by France.
The French were objective observers of Native American groups in North America.
By living among Native American groups, the French developed a solid understanding of Native American laws and customs.
Choose "true" if the statement reveals an effect of the Protestant Reformation and choose "false" if it does not.
= Correct Answer
= Answer
true false
Puritans set their sights on North America as a way to practice a more pure form of Christianity
The colony of Roanoke was established for Catholic Spain in order to launch raids on English ships
Religious turmoil in Europe delayed England's attempts to build an empire in the Americas.
1500s.
Martin Luther
Henry the VIII
John Calvin
A.“It is not the authority of the Catholic Church, nor the Pope, that shall determine the legitimacy of my lineage and descendants.”
B.“Faith and good works alone are not enough to earn God’s grace, and the Church stands between man’s nature and his eternal glory.”
C.“I will refuse to pay tithes as demanded by the Church because their purpose is not to glorify God but to line the pockets of the priests!”
D.“We must be allowed to read the Scriptures in our own language so that we are prepared to meet our God if we are chosen by Him for redemption.”
Initial interactions between the Europeans and Native peoples altered Native Americans’ lives in all of the following ways EXCEPT __________.
Native Americans increased hunting of beaver and other animals to trade with Europeans.
Native Americans refashioned European goods for other uses.
Tools provided by Europeans allowed native tribes to produce more shell beads.
Native Americans began to replace clay cookware with metal cookware.
Native tribes accepted Europeans’ ideas about private property and land ownership.
Some Native Americans adopted European textiles and clothing
Label the characteristics as indicative of the first English, French, or Spanish contacts in the New World.
= Correct Answer
= Answer
Spanish English French
They exhibited marked hostility and violence toward native populations.
Jesuit missionaries lived alongside and among Native Americans.
They were preoccupied with religious tensions and other rivalries in Europe.
Match the individual with the statement he would have likely provided to justify colonization of North America.
English entrepreneur in Virginia
French explorer in Canada
Spanish conquistador
A.“We make no threat of violence or subjugation; we only wish to negotiate on equal terms.”
B.“Our Catholic faith impels us to assert our dominance and control over this New World.”
C."We are here to learn your ways and share them with Europe.”
D.“There is an amazing variety of New World commodities that can be available in our marketplace.”
(A) Mercantilism was an economic and political philosophy that believed governments should run the economy and that nations should be self-sufficient. This philosophy, along with the African slave trade and a rise in commodity exchanges, contributed to the emergence of the (B) Atlantic World .
A
Mercantilism Commodification Consumerism Capitalism Globalization
B
Global Age Atlantic World European Market Mercantile Exchange Middle Passage
Sequence the events as they occurred within this trade system.
1.c. The British exchange their goods for Africans who have been kidnapped or sold into slavery.
2.a. Ships loaded with slaves head for the Americas, where they are sold as a labor force.
3.b. The ship takes on raw materials and returns to Great Britain.
a. Ships loaded with slaves head for the Americas, where they are sold as a labor force.
b. The ship takes on raw materials and returns to Great Britain.
c. The British exchange their goods for Africans who have been kidnapped or sold into slavery.
While slavery had a long history in the Old World, a new form of human bondage emerged in the New World.
All of the following contributed to the racialization of slavery in the Americas, EXCEPT __________.
Slave traders brought orphaned or homeless children from Ireland to work in the Americas.
African slaves appeared to be limitless in number and were easily identified by their skin color.
Native Americans engaged as slave laborers tended to succumb to sickness and death under harsh working conditions.
The Catholic Church did not allow Christians to enslave other Christians.
Many European settlers considered themselves to be gentlemen destined to find wealth, not to toil as common laborers.
European settlers were given land in the New World and expected to produce cash commodities that were in demand in Europe.
Select the two statements that are true about the historian's practice and the "Age of Exploration."
In order to come to an accurate conclusion about the colonization of North America, historians apply a variety of lenses and account for multiple perspectives.
The most important perspective to consider when studying colonization is that of the Native Americans.
Historical thinking skills apply only to analyzing the details of events that occurred in the past, such as colonization and early globalization.
It was inevitable that the Europeans would successfully colonize North America.
Some historians believe that the history of globalization may stretch back to a time before North America was colonized.
Native Americans, Europeans and Africans all had very similar experiences related to colonization of North America.