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ENV 101 Environmental Unit 4 Challenges Science Sophia Course
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The patients in the waiting room are concerned about negative environmental impacts, such as deforestation and urban sprawl. These issues are a result of, and worsened by, __________.
an increase in agricultural production
an increase in oil production
a growing human population
an increase in biodiversity
a growing number of endangered species
a growing number of non-native species
Burning fossil fuels leads to air pollution, which leads to _________, an alteration of regional and global weather patterns that impact every single person on Earth.
climate change
UV radiation
acid rain
smog
ozone depletion
solar flares
Classify each source of air pollution below as natural, mobile, or stationary.
= Correct Answer
= Incorrect Answer
Natural Mobile Stationary
Landfill
Lawn mower
Lightning
Classify each source of air pollution below as natural, mobile, or stationary.
= Correct Answer
= Incorrect Answer
Natural Mobile Stationary
Cruise ship
Volcano eruption
Waste incinerator
Highway vehicles and other mobile sources contribute approximately _________ of national carbon monoxide emissions.
30 percent
40 percent
50 percent
60 percent
70 percent
80 percent
Choose two false statements about air quality in the United States.
Reduction of regulated pollutants has improved air quality.
Fifty million people live in areas with air pollution levels above national standards.
Vehicle miles driven and energy use are slowly being reduced.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) have increased in the atmosphere.
There has not been much progress in reducing ozone pollution.
Lead and particulate matter in the atmosphere have decreased.
Classify each source of air pollution below as natural, mobile, or stationary.
= Correct Answer
= Incorrect Answer
Natural Mobile Stationary
Dust storm
Motorcycle
Cement factory
Rate the following statements about fossil fuels and non-renewable energy as True or False.
= Correct Answer
= Incorrect Answer
True False
Nuclear energy is an example of a fossil fuel.
Fossil fuels can be replenished within a generation.
Fossil fuels compress large amounts of organic matter into dense sources of energy.
Greenhouse gases, such as sulfur and nitrogen oxide, are produced by the burning of all of the following EXCEPT which two items?
gasoline
aerosol sprays
freon
natural gas
coal
Oil
In the United States, (A) 88.5 % of energy comes from non-renewable energy sources, with (B) natural gas being the leader, producing 39% of the country’s heating and transportation fuel.
Select two false statements about indoor air pollution.
It causes the deaths of over four million people each year.
It involves exposure to household air pollutants.
Decreasing circulation reduces indoor air pollution.
It does not exacerbate symptoms related to asthma or allergies.
Inefficient burning of combustibles is a common example.
It can come from mobile, stationary, and natural sources
Match each renewable energy source below with the example of its use.
Geothermal
Hydroelectrical
Solar
A.
Roof panels heat water which is piped into the house when hot water is needed.
B.
Piped directly into a building, water from a hot spring is used for heating purposes.
C.
A car is powered by large kites attached to its frame and travels across the country.
D.
Water released from a reservoir flows through a turbine and activates a generator.
An indicator of sustainable energy use, the (A) carbon footprint is a tool that is used to calculate a population's, an individual's, or an object’s production of (B) greenhouse gases , which can worsen climate change.
Pair each of the following issues associated with air pollution with its corresponding impact.
Acid rain
Greenhouse effect
Smog
A.
Respiratory diseases
B.
Organ damage
C.
Damaged root systems
D.
Climate change
Match each of the following governmental acts or agencies with its role in regulating air pollution.
Clean Air Act
Environmental Protection Agency
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
A.
Monitors air quality in the workplace
B.
Establishes limits for stationary and mobile sources of air pollution
C.
Assesses the global impact and risks of air pollution
D.
Sets national standards for air quality
From the following, select two reasons for the improvement of air quality in the United States.
Fewer cars on the road
Better home insulation
More efficient car engines
Tax incentives for businesses
Removal of 50% of US factories
Government regulation of factories
Choose two strategies that do NOT improve indoor air pollution.
Opening windows to allow outdoor air to come inside.
Proper maintenance of furnaces and fireplaces.
Using HEPA filters to keep indoor air clean.
Using air fresheners to clean indoor air.
Closing windows to prevent outdoor air from coming inside.
Using fans to increase ventilation inside.
True False
Fossil fuels are non-renewable because they take millions of years to form.
Oil, natural gas, and coal are examples of non-renewable energy.
Fossil fuels are valuable because they transform small amounts of organic material into energy.
Classify each of the following as characteristic of renewable or non-renewable energy sources.
= Correct Answer
= Incorrect Answer
Non-Renewable Renewable
many depend on the sun and wind
become increasingly condensed over time
comprise about 10% of global energy
Match each renewable energy source below with the corresponding example of its use.
Solar
Wind
Biomass
A.
A boat raises a sail and moves smoothly across the lake.
B.
A camper builds a cooking fire using sticks and dry moss.
C.
Ancient Romans built water wheels to grind grain to make bread.
D.
Lamps on an outside deck absorb light during the day and light the deck at night.
From the options below, select two things that people do on an individual basis that negatively affect the environment.
Recycle, reuse, and reduce waste
Buy green products
Enforce behavior changes in others
Buy locally produced foods
Limit the number of children they have
Rely upon technology to solve problems
The United States consists of approximately (A) 5 percent of the world's population and consumes approximately (B) 20 percent of the world's energy.
Pair each non-renewable resource below with an example of its impact.
Natural gas
Nuclear energy
Gasoline (from oil)
A.
Damages to plants and wildlife due to reactor leaks
B.
Decreased energy production during the night
C.
Water pollution from hydraulic fracturing
D.
Increased cancer risk due to exposure to benzene additives
Pair each non-renewable resource below with an example of its impact.
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
A.
water supply contamination
B.
water and land pollution from spills
C.
deforestation and urban sprawl
D.
acid rain from sulfur dioxide
Categorize each action as to whether it is intended to affect the supply or demand of energy resources in the United States.
= Correct Answer
= Incorrect Answer
Supply Demand
Provide tax breaks and subsidies to oil companies.
Place taxes on gasoline.
Establish an oil reserve in case of future shortages.
Classify the following as examples of renewable or non-renewable energy sources.
= Correct Answer
= Incorrect Answer
Renewable Non-Renewable
Hydraulic fracturing leads to finding deeper wells of natural gas.
Gilbert heats water for his house by using solar panels on the roof.
Uranium is mined in Canada to produce nuclear energy.
Categorize each action as to whether it is intended to affect the supply or demand of energy resources in the United States.
= Correct Answer
= Incorrect Answer
Supply Demand
This makes up most efforts to address energy issues in the U.S.
Efficiency standards for federal buildings
Provides subsidies for nuclear and fossil fuels
Categorize each action as to whether it is intended to affect the supply or demand of energy resources in the United States.
= Correct Answer
= Incorrect Answer
Supply Demand
Focus is on increased efficiency
The free market determines energy sources used
Taxes on vehicles that use a lot of fuel
Classify the following as examples of renewable or non-renewable energy sources.
= Correct Answer
= Incorrect Answer
Renewable Non-Renewable
This dam provides enough electricity to serve about 1.3 million people.
A restaurant kitchen uses natural gas to power its ovens and stovetops.
A power plant uses steam from geysers to turn turbines and create electricity.
Choose two reasons why ascertaining health risks associated with environmental issues is so uncertain.
Damage from exposure is often predictable based on the environment.
The threshold for a harmful substance fluctuates.
Some individuals may over-react or under-react to the exposure.
There is an abundance of data to determine health risks.
Environmental risks are not consistently or uniformly regulated.
It is often difficult to determine the amount of exposure.
Environmental hazards, such as industries that emit pollutants into the air and water, are called (A) involuntary risks, because the actions of others cause the impact.
Other potential dangers, such as burning leaves in the backyard, are called (B) voluntary risks, because individuals make personal decisions they can control.
Choose two reasons why ascertaining health risks associated with environmental issues is so uncertain.
Lab tests can duplicate environmental conditions but cannot predict risk.
Outside of a lab, it’s not possible to control who is exposed.
Individuals may be exposed to more than one thing.
Scientists can measure how much exposure occurred.
There is sufficient data but it cannot be interpreted.
The thresholds for different levels of sensitivity are widely known.
Environmental risks can be categorized by who is responsible for causing them. Risks are considered (A) voluntary when individuals cause the impact. In general, the public is more concerned with (B) involuntary risks.
Environmental hazards, such as industries that emit pollutants into the air and water, are called (A) involuntary risks, because the actions of others cause the impact.
Other potential dangers, such as burning leaves in the backyard, are called (B) voluntary risks, because individuals make personal decisions they can control.
From the options below, which two are NOT predicted changes based on current environmental issues.
Supplies of oil, coal, and natural gas will run out in the next 30 to 130 years.
The world’s rainforests will vanish in 100 years at the current rate of deforestation.
Nearly half of the world's population will face severe water shortages by 2050.
Scientists predict the global temperature will increase by 2.5 to 10 degrees over the next century.
Ninety percent of Earth's species will be decimated in the next 100 to 150 years.
The air will become unbreathable for 30% of people on Earth within 100 years.
From the options below, which two are NOT predicted changes based on current environmental issues.
It will become easier to access the remaining fossil fuels.
Global temperature increases will lead to more extreme weather patterns.
Over half of the world’s land mass will be desert by the year 2050.
Loss of forests will have a critical impact on climate change.
Levels of ozone in the summer will be potentially damaging to humans.
The demand for water will increase by 55% by the year 2050.
From the options below, which two are NOT predicted changes based on current environmental issues.
Water pollution levels will increase in both fresh and salt water.
The quality of remaining fossil fuels will decline.
Air quality will continue to worsen, triggering mass migrations.
Deforestation will put the habitats of millions of species at risk.
Overexploitation of species will cease due to public demands.
The Arctic Circle will be free of ice during the summer months.
Creating and maintaining the conditions under which humans and nature can co-exist indefinitely is the goal of sustainability. Select two examples that do NOT reflect sustainability.
Converting arable farmland into housing subdivisions.
Researching the acceptable rate of exposure for a new chemical.
Regulating air quality for humans, plants, and animals.
Implementing new rules to ensure a long term supply of energy.
Ecological management of a local forest.
Remaining aware of Earth’s carrying capacity.
Select two false statements about the history of climate change on Earth.
In the past, these temperature changes have been gradual and species have had time to adapt.
There have been warmer and cooler periods throughout Earth’s history.
Current climate change is largely due to increases in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Historically, climate change has largely been due to changes in the amount of energy from the sun.
Changes in the Earth’s atmosphere today are relatively large compared to atmospheric changes on early Earth.
At the end of the last Ice Age, the global temperature was around 25 degrees cooler than it is today.
Place Richard's explanation of how cars contribute to climate change in the correct order below.
1.d. Gasoline is burned and produces exhaust.
2.b. Carbon dioxide absorbs thermal radiation.
3.a. Heat is trapped in the atmosphere rather than going into space.
4.c. The Earth's atmosphere becomes warmer.
a. Heat is trapped in the atmosphere rather than going into space.
b. Carbon dioxide absorbs thermal radiation.
c. The Earth's atmosphere becomes warmer.
d. Gasoline is burned and produces exhaust.
Creating and maintaining the conditions under which humans and nature can co-exist indefinitely is the goal of sustainability. Select two examples that do NOT reflect sustainability.
A government requires farmers to rotate crops to replenish soil nutrients and keep the soil in place.
A government implements new requirements to regulate expansion and development.
A government offers subsidies and tax credits to encourage fossil fuel extraction.
A government doesn't enforce zoning requirements, leading to continued development.
A government considers policies to limit the number of children families can have.
A government researches new energy resources to limit damage from fossil fuels.
Pair the sustainability factor with an example of it in practice.
Careful use of natural resources
Reduce waste
Address human population growth
A.
A company offers solutions for cities coping with rapid urban growth.
B.
A company’s green building strategy includes utilizing low-flow water valves.
C.
A company’s expansion requires the clearing of woodland acres for building.
D.
A company provides a forum for people to exchange and reuse goods.
From the options below, select two things that governments do that negatively affect the environment.
Provide grants for activities that will improve the environment
Collaborate with different groups to preserve open space
Create technology to enforce rules and regulations
Implement requirements for reducing energy consumption
Monitor and regulate individuals’ environmental behaviors
Tax substances and activities that are harmful to the environment
Select the pie chart below that correctly illustrates the percentages of global greenhouse gas source emissions according to the IPCC AR4 SPM Report.
Pair each sustainability factor below with an example of it in practice.
Thoughtful approaches to reducing pollution
Addressing the amount of fossil fuels used
Considering population issues
A.
John takes the bus to and from work four days and has convinced his boss to let him work from home on the fifth day.
B.
A city planner recommends setting land use policies that place limitations on types of development on the outskirts of the city.
C.
A farmer selects crops that will grow well in his region so that he does not have to use fertilizer.
D.
Mary tests the soil in an abandoned lot to see if it is suitable for a community garden.
From the options below, select two things that people do on an individual basis that negatively affect the environment.
Recycle, reuse, and reduce waste
Buy green products
Enforce behavior changes in others
Buy locally produced foods
Limit the number of children they have
Rely upon technology to solve problems
Of the options below, which two are NOT used by scientists as evidence of man-made climate change?
Current warming is occurring faster than any known historical global temperature increase
An increase in the number of endangered species
Rising sea levels
Melting of glaciers and polar ice caps
Increase of 1.53 degrees Fahrenheit over the last 130 years
A steep increase in the incidence and severity of skin cancer
Which two human activities do NOT contribute large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere?
planting of forests
raising of livestock
no till farming
urban sprawl
burning of fossil fuels
population growth
Place Richard's explanation of the Greenhouse Effect in the correct order.
1.d. Thermal radiation is reflected off the Earth’s surface.
2.c. Carbon dioxide and methane absorb thermal radiation.
3.a. Thermal radiation is redirected back into the atmosphere.
4.b. Heat is trapped and warms the atmosphere.
a. Thermal radiation is redirected back into the atmosphere.
b. Heat is trapped and warms the atmosphere.
c. Carbon dioxide and methane absorb thermal radiation.
d. Thermal radiation is reflected off the Earth’s surface.
Decide if the following statements describe carbon dioxide or methane.
= Correct Answer
= Incorrect Answer
Carbon Dioxide Methane
The greenhouse gas that humans produce in the greatest volume.
This greenhouse gas is the more potent of the two, in terms of impact per molecule.
Agriculture is the major human activity that leads to this gas.
Decide if the following statements describe carbon dioxide or methane.
= Correct Answer
= Incorrect Answer
Methane Carbon dioxide
The most abundant greenhouse gas.
Current agriculture practices increase the amount of this gas.
Less of this gas goes through the process of photosynthesis.
Seen as a framework for international cooperation on reducing greenhouse gases, the (A) Kyoto Protocol targeted average reductions of greenhouse gas emissions of (B) 5.2 % below 1990 levels by 2012.
In 1997, representatives of the (A) United Nations agreed to meet targeted reduction figures for greenhouse gas emissions as written in the (B) Kyoto Protocol .
The 1997 Kyoto Protocol brought many countries together in agreement to reduce (A) greenhouse gas emissions. One goal was to limit emissions by an average of 5.2% below 1990 levels by the year (B) 2012 .
Select the two statements below that do NOT reflect NEPA requirements.
Consider and evaluate possible alternatives for federal projects.
List unavoidable negative impacts when considering environmental projects.
Provide a formal Senate hearing to approve federal projects.
Forbid activities that may harm the environment.
Report findings to the public before taking any actions
Name the required resources for a proposed project.
Match each of the following issues associated with climate change with a possible direct result of that issue.
Loss of glaciers
Changes to season lengths
Sea levels rising
A.
Altered agricultural practices and timing
B.
Flooding in mountainous regions
C.
Many inland communities will not have a water source
D.
Loss of coastal habitats and associated decrease in biodiversity
Classify the following efforts to address climate change as examples of adaptation or mitigation.
= Correct Answer
= Incorrect Answer
Adaptation Mitigation
Develop drought-tolerant crops
Change building codes to bear extreme weather events
Retrofit existing buildings to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Select two FALSE projections about the long term impacts of environmental degradation.
Ozone levels will continue to rise, threatening human health.
The demand for water will increase by more than half by the year 2050.
Global temperature increases will lead to extremes in weather patterns and severe storms.
Harvesting and overexploitation will eliminate Earth’s salt and freshwater fish.
At the current rate of deforestation, all forests on Earth will be gone in 100 years.
Supplies of coal, natural gas, and oil will be depleted within the next 25 years.
Classify the following efforts to address climate change as examples of adaptation or mitigation.
= Correct Answer
= Incorrect Answer
Adaptation Mitigation
Invest in renewable energy sources
Remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it underground
Add sand to coastal areas and widen rivers
Which two actions are NOT required under NEPA?
Report to the public
Reduce energy consumption
Evaluate possible alternatives
Complete a risk assessment
Identify unavoidable adverse environmental impacts
Match the major area of concern about climate change with its possible result.
Human health impacts
Disruption of ecological processes
Alterations in weather
A.
stress on household, industrial, and agricultural water supplies
B.
changes in infectious diseases
C.
plants and animals shift their habitats
D.
hazardous waste disposal
Classify each of the following efforts to address climate change as examples of adaptation or mitigation.
= Correct Answer
= Incorrect Answer
Adaptation Mitigation
Move ski slopes to a higher altitude because of lack of snow cover.
Create a marshland as a buffer against sea level rise.
Develop advanced electric and hybrid vehicles.
Choose the two activities below that would NOT have a positive effect on the environment.
Businesses practice greenwashing.
Individuals become environmentally literate.
Individuals limit the sizes of their families.
Individuals try to save a single species rather than its ecosystem.
Businesses reduce their energy consumption.
Businesses use renewable energy sources.
Rate the following statements as True or False.
= Correct Answer
= Incorrect Answer
True False
“Climate change affects ecological processes, human health, and weather patterns."
“Greenhouse gases are diminishing as laws limiting human population growth are put in place.”
“In the end, sustainability efforts will be ineffective in addressing climate change.”
Rate the following statements as True or False.
= Correct Answer
= Incorrect Answer
True False
“Human population growth has exacerbated almost every environmental problem.”
“Changing weather patterns negatively affect human populations while many other species benefit.”
“Agriculture, urban sprawl, and deforestation have contributed significantly to climate change.”