SCI 115 Human Biology Unit 2 Challenges Sophia Course

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                                Unit no 2 # SKELETAL AND MUSLAR SYSTEMS

 

                                                  Challenge   NO = 1

 

Which of the following best describes osteoclasts?

·a.)

Channels in bones through which blood vessels run

·b.)

Cells that deposit minerals and fibers to build bones

·c.)

Cells that are star-shaped and form rings around the channels of long bones

·d.)

Cells that dissolve bone to increase blood calcium leve

Children tend to have more __________ bone marrow, most of which becomes __________ bone marrow as they become adults.

·a.)

red; yellow

·b.)

yellow; red

·c.)

calcified; fatty

·d.)

fatty; calcified

Which of the following functions corresponds with osteoblasts?

·a.)

Cells that move calcium from bone to the blood stream in order to maintain homeostasis

·b.)

Double layer membrane that stores fat and produces blood cells

·c.)

Cells that deposit collagen and elastin to promote bone growth

·d.)

Double layer membrane that encloses bone

Which of the following statements is true?

·a.)

When there is too much calcium in the blood, osteoclasts build new bone tissue.

·b.)

When there is too little calcium in the blood, osteoclasts build new bone tissue.

·c.)

When there is too much calcium in the blood, osteoblasts build new bone tissue.

·d.)

When there is too little calcium in the blood, osteoblasts build new bone tissue

What is bone remodeling?

·a.)

The process by which bones grow or shrink

·b.)

The process by which cartilage becomes bone

·c.)

The process by which new bones are formed from existing ones

·d.)

The process by which bones change shape over time

Which of the following is released by the brain when too much calcium is in the blood?

·a.)

Osteoclasts

·b.)

Osteoblasts

·c.)

Calcitonin

·d.)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

How many bones come together to make up the spine?

·a.)

Varies from person to person

·b.)

12

·c.)

5

·d.)

33

How many pairs of ribs are in the human skeleton?

·a.)

12

·b.)

8

·c.)

Varies from person to person

·d.)

16

How many segments does the spine have?

·a.)

Varies from person to person

·b.)

1

·c.)

5

·d.)

4

Which of the following statements is true?

·a.)

A tendon connects two bones.

·b.)

A ligament connects muscles to the bone.

·c.)

A ligament connects two bones.

·d.)

"Tendon" and "ligament" are two words for the same thing.

What kind of joint is found in the human elbow?

·a.)

Cartilaginous

·b.)

Synovial

·c.)

Suture

·d.)

Fibrous

Which type of motion allows the arms to be moved away from and toward the body?

·a.)

Abduction and adduction

·b.)

Circumduction

·c.)

Supination and pronation

·d.)

Flexion and extension

Which of the following injuries involves a bone that has cracked without any pieces becoming separated?

·a.)

Compound fracture

·b.)

Complete fracture

·c.)

Simple fracture

·d.)

Common fracture

Which of the following injuries involves a torn ligament or tendon?

·a.)

Dislocation

·b.)

Sprain

·c.)

Strain

·d.)

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Which of the following conditions involves the rapid loss of calcium from the bones?

·a.)

Strain

·b.)

Carpal tunnel syndrome

·c.)

Osteoarthritis

·d.)

Osteoporosis

                                Challenge no 2

Which of the following does the muscular system do?

·a.)

Produce body heat

·b.)

Fight viral infection

·c.)

Produce signal hormones

·d.)

Sense external stimuli

Where in the body is cardiac muscle found?

·a.)

The heart and lungs

·b.)

The heart only

·c.)

The major arteries only

·d.)

The heart and blood vessels

Which of the following represents a voluntary muscle contraction?

·a.)

Alexandra breathes while concentrating on her homework.

·b.)

Robert kicks a soccer ball into the goal.

·c.)

Patrick's heart rate increases as he reaches the top of a flight of stairs.

·d.)

Monique's leg kicks upward after her knee is tapped with a medical hammer.

What part of the muscle is more stationary?

·a.)

Insertion

·b.)

Smooth

·c.)

All parts do equal amounts of work

·d.)

Origin

Which of the following is the basic unit of muscle contraction?

·a.)

Sarcomere

·b.)

Myofibrils

·c.)

Outer sheath

·d.)

Origin

What are long chains of myofilaments called?

·a.)

Biceps

·b.)

Myofilament chains

·c.)

Myofibrils

·d.)

Sarcomere

Which of the following statements is true?

·a.)

White skeletal muscles, also called short skeletal muscles, are capable of sustained contraction over a long period of time.

·b.)

White skeletal muscles, also called long skeletal muscles, are capable of sustained contraction over a long period of time.

·c.)

Red skeletal muscles, also called slow skeletal muscles, are capable of sustained contraction over a long period of time.

·d.)

Red skeletal muscles, also called short skeletal muscles, are capable of sustained contraction over a long period of time.

Which of the following statements is true?

·a.)

White skeletal muscles allow for long, sustained activities.

·b.)

White skeletal muscles contract very slowly.

·c.)

White skeletal muscles have more myoglobin and capillaries than red skeletal muscles.

·d.)

White skeletal muscles have less blood supplied to them, therefore they can only contract for short amounts of time.

Which of the following statements is true?

·a.)

Your bicep is an example of white skeletal muscle.

·b.)

Red skeletal muscles are the most efficient because they can contract very quickly and for long periods of time.

·c.)

White skeletal muscles have fewer mitochondria, and thus contain less energy for sustained contractions.

·d.)

The muscles in your hand that allow you to write are examples of red skeletal muscles

Which of the following statements correctly describes the composition of a myosin filament?

·a.)

A double tail with a double head

·b.)

A double head with no tail

·c.)

A single tail with a double head

·d.)

A single tail with a single head

__________ released from a cellular storage system allows actin filaments to bind to myosin filaments.

·a.)

ATP

·b.)

Potassium

·c.)

Calcium

·d.)

Magnesium

Which of these are the proteins that make up muscle fibers?

·a.)

Actin and leptin

·b.)

Leptin and tubulin

·c.)

Actin and myosin

·d.)

Myosin and tubulin

__________ and __________ are proteins found on actin, which play a role in muscle contractions.

·a.)

Troponin; myosin

·b.)

Troponin; tropomyosin

·c.)

Myosin; tropomyosin

·d.)

Myosin; calcium

Troponin and tropomyosin on actin filaments play a role in the binding of actin to __________.

·a.)

calcium

·b.)

myosin

·c.)

neurotransmitters

·d.)

protein

Acetylcholine, a __________, carries chemical signals from the ends of a motor neuron, across a synapse and to a muscle fiber. This sets the stage for events that lead to muscle contractions.

·a.)

neurotransmitter

·b.)

sarcomere

·c.)

hormone

·d.)

neuromuscular junction

Which of these describes a strain?

·a.)

Muscle fiber tears or stretches too far

·b.)

Muscle tissue doesn't grow from exercise

·c.)

Muscle tissue grows uncontrollably

·d.)

Muscle tissue shrinks

Which of these is true of tetanus?

·a.)

It is the result of a fungal infection.

·b.)

It is caused by continual muscle contractions due to disruptions in the circulatory system.

·c.)

It can cause death through paralysis of the heart.

·d.)

It is a genetic disorder.

Which of these describes atrophy?

·a.)

Muscle tissue doesn't grow from exercise

·b.)

Muscle tissue tears

·c.)

Muscle tissue shrinks

·d.)

Muscle tissue grows uncontrollably

Which of the following statements about muscle building is associated strength training?

·a.)

Training for a 10K race increases the number of mitochondria in muscle fibers.

·b.)

Muscle tissues built from cross-country skiing will contain more oxygen-binding myoglobin.

·c.)

Jogging every morning will increase the number of blood capillaries.

·d.)

Lifting weights regularly increases muscle size.

Aerobic exercise works muscles at a slow enough rate that the body can keep them supplied with oxygen.

 

Which of the following are results of aerobic exercise?

·a.)

There is a reduction in the number of mitochondria.

·b.)

Mitochondria increase in number and size.

·c.)

The number of blood capillaries decreases.

·d.)

More myofibrils are formed.

Aerobic exercise works muscles at a slow enough rate that the body can keep them supplied with oxygen.

 

Which of the following are results of aerobic exercise?

·a.)

There is a reduction in the number of mitochondria.

·b.)

Mitochondria increase in number and size.

·c.)

The number of blood capillaries decreases.

·d.)

More myofibrils are formed

Which of the following components of muscle has no change as a result of aerobic exercise?

·a.)

Myoglobin

·b.)

Blood capillaries

·c.)

Mitochondria

·d.)

Myofibrils

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