SCI 115 Human Biology Unit 4 Challenges Sophia Course

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unit no # 4 Respiratory, circulatory and immune systems

                            challenge no 1

Which of the following is a primary responsibility of the respiratory system?

·a.)

The distribution of oxygen and other nutrients to cells throughout the body

·b.)

The prevention of diseases like cancer and AIDS

·c.)

The exchange of gasses between the bloodstream and the air

·d.)

The regulation of blood composition and the removal of excessive minerals

In which part of the respiratory system does the exchange of gasses between the bloodstream and air occur?

·a.)

Nose

·b.)

Trachea

·c.)

Lungs

·d.)

Bronchi

What is the name of the muscle that separates the lung cavity from the abdomen and helps regulate breathing?

·a.)

Larynx

·b.)

Trachea

·c.)

Diaphragm

·d.)

Lung

Which tube connects the upper and lower respiratory tracts?

·a.)

Nasal cavity

·b.)

Larynx

·c.)

Trachea

·d.)

Pharynx

What is the primary means by which air enters the body from the environment?

·a.)

Larynx

·b.)

Nasal cavity

·c.)

Oral cavity

·d.)

Trachea

Which part of the upper respiratory system helps produce the sounds necessary for speech?

·a.)

Pharynx

·b.)

Larynx

·c.)

Trachea

·d.)

Epiglottis

How much air can the lungs hold?

·a.)

2 cups

·b.)

Half a liter

·c.)

500 mL

·d.)

It differs from person to person

What molecule does oxygen bind to in red blood cells?

·a.)

Respiratory membrane

·b.)

Hemoglobin

·c.)

Endothelium

·d.)

Alveoli

What constitutes a respiratory cycle?

·a.)

One inhalation or one exhalation

·b.)

One inhalation and one exhalation

·c.)

One exhalation, one inhalation and the following exhalation

·d.)

One inhalation, one exhalation and the following inhalation

Why would Sally notice that she is breathing faster after going for a run?

·a.)

Her body is compensating for the slower output of carbon dioxide into the bloodstream caused by running.

·b.)

Her body is compensating for the slower intake of oxygen by the bloodstream caused by running.

·c.)

Her body is compensating for the faster output of carbon dioxide into the bloodstream caused by running.

·d.)

Her body is compensating for the faster output of oxygen into the bloodstream caused by running.

Which of these is a stimulus to the carotid body?

·a.)

Carbon dioxide

·b.)

Water

·c.)

Sodium

·d.)

Nitrogen

Where in the brain are chemoreceptors for breathing located?

·a.)

Cranium

·b.)

Cerebrum

·c.)

Cerebellum

·d.)

Medulla

The lens of the eye is bathed on both sides by the _______ humor. The buildup of this liquid around the lens is called _______.

·a.)

aqueous; glaucoma

·b.)

vitreous; astigmatism

·c.)

aqueous; astigmatism

·d.)

vitreous; glaucoma

What disorder is caused by a virus or bacterium?

·a.)

Asthma

·b.)

Pneumonia

·c.)

Bronchitis

·d.)

Sleep apnea

What disorder is caused by irritants?

·a.)

Pneumonia

·b.)

Tuberculosis

·c.)

Sleep apnea

·d.)

Emphysema

          Challenge no 2

What vessels carry blood toward the heart?

·a.)

Ventricles

·b.)

Arterioles

·c.)

Arteries

·d.)

Veins

What vessels carry blood away from the heart?

·a.)

Arteries

·b.)

Atria

·c.)

Venules

·d.)

Veins

The cardiovascular system is responsible for moving __________ through the body.

·a.)

food

·b.)

blood

·c.)

air

·d.)

lymph

What chamber of the heart supplies deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

·a.)

Right atrium

·b.)

Left ventricle

·c.)

Left atrium

·d.)

Right ventricle

Which of the following is the thick wall that separates the heart into right and left halves?

·a.)

Atrium

·b.)

Septum

·c.)

Ventricle

·d.)

Aorta

Which of the following describes the atrium?

·a.)

The thick wall that divides the heart in half

·b.)

The lower chamber of each half of the heart

·c.)

The upper chamber of each half of the heart

·d.)

The valve that separates the upper and lower chambers of the right half of the heart

What is the role of the AV node in the heart?

·a.)

It slows down the electric signal to the ventricles so they beat after the atria.

·b.)

It produces two electric signals: first for the atria to contract and second for the ventricles to contract.

·c.)

It originates the electric signal that causes the heart to beat.

·d.)

It causes the chambers of the heart to relax after a contraction.

What is the role of the SA node in the heart?

·a.)

It originates the electric signal that causes the heart to beat.

·b.)

It produces two electric signals: First for the atria to contract and second for the ventricles to contract.

·c.)

It causes the chambers of the heart to relax after a contraction.

·d.)

It slows down the electric signal to the ventricles so they beat after the atria.

What is the name of the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle?

·a.)

Cardiac input

·b.)

Systole

·c.)

Diastole

·d.)

Cardiac output

How do blood vessels maintain homeostasis when blood pressure decreases?

·a.)

Hypotension

·b.)

Hypertension

·c.)

Vasodilation

·d.)

Vasoconstriction

What might a person with chronically high blood pressure be diagnosed with?

·a.)

Hypotension

·b.)

Vasodilation

·c.)

Vasoconstriction

·d.)

Hypertension

What kind of blood pressure exists during a contraction of the ventricle?

·a.)

Hypotension

·b.)

Systolic

·c.)

Diastolic

·d.)

Hypertension

What is a heart attack?

·a.)

When the heart isn't able to get enough oxygen to function properly

·b.)

When high blood pressure exhausts the heart's ability to pump

·c.)

When buildup of plaque causes a blood clot in the heart

·d.)

When a weak spot in the walls of the heart bursts

What disease causes the hardening of the arteries?

·a.)

Aneurysm

·b.)

Angioplasty

·c.)

Angiogenin

·d.)

Arteriosclerosis

What is a weak spot in an artery that has potential to burst known as?

·a.)

Plaque

·b.)

Arteriosclerosis

·c.)

An aneurysm

·d.)

A heart attack

                                          Challenge no 3

What component of blood carries oxygen and carbon dioxide?

·a.)

Plasma

·b.)

Red blood cells

·c.)

Platelets

·d.)

White blood cells

Which component makes up the majority of blood?

·a.)

Red blood cells

·b.)

Platelets

·c.)

White blood cells

·d.)

Plasma

What is "erythrocyte" the technical term for?

·a.)

White blood cell

·b.)

Platelet

·c.)

Plasma

·d.)

Red blood cell

What blood types can a person with blood type AB receive blood from?

·a.)

O, AB

·b.)

A, AB

·c.)

A, O, AB

·d.)

O, A, B, AB

Which types of blood can a person with blood type A receive?

·a.)

A, AB

·b.)

Only A

·c.)

A, O

·d.)

A, AB, O

Which types of blood can a person with blood type O receive?

·a.)

A, B, O

·b.)

Only O

·c.)

A, B, AB, O

·d.)

AB, O

What hormone stimulates the bone marrow to produce more erythrocytes?

·a.)

Globin

·b.)

Oxyhemoglobin

·c.)

Erythropoietin

·d.)

Hemoglobin

What part of hemoglobin binds with oxygen to aid in its transport?

·a.)

The polypeptide chain of the protein globin

·b.)

The empty space within the heme group

·c.)

The iron ion in the heme group

·d.)

The specific receptors present on the protein globin

Where are red blood cells produced?

·a.)

All throughout the bloodstream

·b.)

The heart

·c.)

The lungs

·d.)

Bone marrow

What is it called when the blood clots, stopping blood flow, in order to repair damage to a blood vessel?

·a.)

Embolism

·b.)

Hemostasis

·c.)

Platelets

·d.)

Thrombosis

What is it called when the clot from a damaged vessel moves elsewhere in the body?

·a.)

Thrombosis

·b.)

Hemophilia

·c.)

Embolism

·d.)

Stroke

Factor X is a protein in plasma that produces __________.

·a.)

Fibrin

·b.)

Fibrinogen

·c.)

Platelets

·d.)

Thrombin

What blood disorder involves an overabundance of white blood cells?

·a.)

Leukemia

·b.)

Toxemia

·c.)

Septicemia

·d.)

Anemia

What blood disorder is characterized by a lack of oxygen reaching the body's cells?

·a.)

Anemia

·b.)

Leukemia

·c.)

Toxemia

·d.)

Septicemia

What blood disorder is caused by bacteria?

·a.)

Toxemia

·b.)

Leukemia

·c.)

Septicemia

·d.)

Anemia

What are the two categories of white blood cell?

·a.)

Lymphocytes and monocytes

·b.)

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

·c.)

Eosinophils and basophils

·d.)

Leukocytes and neutrophils

Which type of white blood cell engulfs microbes?

·a.)

Monocytes

·b.)

Basophils

·c.)

Lymphocytes

·d.)

Neutrophils

Which type of white blood cell attacks larger parasites?

·a.)

Neutrophils

·b.)

Basophils

·c.)

Eosinophils

·d.)

Lymphocytes

Which type of white blood cell attacks larger parasites?

·a.)

Neutrophils

·b.)

Basophils

·c.)

Eosinophils

·d.)

Lymphocytes

                                         Challenge no 4

Which of the following is a gland situated just above the heart?

·a.)

Lymph node

·b.)

Thymus gland

·c.)

Spleen

·d.)

Pituitary gland

Which of the following is true for lymph?

·a.)

It is a component of blood.

·b.)

It is only found in the spleen.

·c.)

It is a colorless fluid.

·d.)

It is the fluid that cushions the brain.

Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system?

·a.)

Sending signals from the brain to the extremities

·b.)

Pumping blood through the body

·c.)

Circulating nutrients to various organs

·d.)

Returning excess fluid to the circulatory system

Which of these acts as a first line of defense against pathogens?

·a.)

Mucus

·b.)

Inflammation

·c.)

Fever

·d.)

White blood cells

If a pathogen manages to get into the bloodstream, which of these will help fight it off?

·a.)

Platelets

·b.)

White blood cells

·c.)

Red blood cells

·d.)

Hormones

Which of the following statements about innate immunity is true?

·a.)

Innate immunity involves a targeted response against pathogens the body has fought before

·b.)

Innate immunity describes how physical barriers prevent many pathogens from entering the body

·c.)

Innate immunity is a generalized response that does not target specific pathogens

·d.)

Innate immunity means a type of pathogen doesn't have any effect on the human body

A fever is an example of what kind of defense against pathogens?

·a.)

Physical barriers

·b.)

Adaptive immunity

·c.)

Innate immunity

·d.)

All answer choices are correct

Which of these actions is necessary for blood vessels to dilate?

·a.)

Inhibition of the complement system

·b.)

Secretion of histamines

·c.)

Concentration of macrophages

·d.)

Inhibition of antibody production

Which of the following describes the complement system?

·a.)

Attracts phagocytic white blood cells to attack invading pathogens

·b.)

Sets of proteins that circulate in blood as a component of innate immunity

·c.)

All answer choices are correct

·d.)

Becomes activated when a pathogen is encountered

Which of the following is a characteristic of adaptive immunity?

·a.)

It has a broad use because it can attack any type of pathogen.

·b.)

A fever and inflammation are key indicators that adaptive immunity is in action.

·c.)

By producing memory cells, it helps to protect us from pathogens we have already encountered.

·d.)

It is the line of defense that kicks in immediately after a pathogen gets past any physical barriers.

Which of the following is a characteristic of adaptive immunity?

·a.)

Adaptive immunity takes place before the pathogen has entered the body.

·b.)

Because it attacks all cells, it can sometimes damage the body's own healthy cells.

·c.)

Adaptive immunity is the first line of defense against a pathogen.

·d.)

It can only work on specific types of pathogens.

Which of the following is a characteristic of adaptive immunity?

·a.)

It involves the complement system, which causes damage to pathogens.

·b.)

Innate immunity is one type of adaptive immunity.

·c.)

It relies on lysosomes to break down pathogens.

·d.)

It comes into play once a pathogen gets past the body's more general immune responses.

What are antibodies?

·a.)

Cells that can eat pathogens

·b.)

Protein markers created by the immune system

·c.)

Pathogens that work with the immune system to fight other pathogens

·d.)

Cells that secrete hormones that help fight infection

Which set of facts is true for humoral immunity?

·a.)

It is an adaptive response.

It is mediated by B-cells in lymph nodes.

·b.)

It is a non-specific response.

It is mediated by macrophages.

·c.)

It is an innate response.

It is mediated by B-cells in lymph nodes.

·d.)

It is an adaptive response.

it is mediated by T-cells in the thymus

How many types of antigens can bind to a single antibody?

·a.)

6

·b.)

2

·c.)

1

·d.)

4

Which of these is a type of cell that plays an important role in a cell-mediated immune response?

·a.)

T-cell

·b.)

B-cell

·c.)

M-cell

·d.)

H-cell

What is the role of helper T-cells?

·a.)

They help boost the immune response.

·b.)

They carry pathogens to cytotoxic T-cells.

·c.)

They prevent pathogens from infecting a cell.

·d.)

They initiate apoptosis of infected cells.

What is apoptosis?

·a.)

Death of a cell from old age

·b.)

Death of a cell after dividing

·c.)

The intentional death of a cell

·d.)

The accidental death of a cell

Which cells would be activated in response to the drug Herceptin being added to a cell containing HER2 protein?

·a.)

Spleen cells

·b.)

Myeloma cells

·c.)

Memory cells

·d.)

Natural killer cells

Which of these is true for the post-surgery drugs prescribed to the recipients of an organ transplant?

·a.)

They enhance the immune system.

·b.)

They suppress the production of red blood cells.

·c.)

They suppress the immune system.

·d.)

They enhance the production of red blood cells.

What is true of immunotherapy?

·a.)

It helps in recognition of non-specific antigens.

·b.)

It useful in stem cell research.

·c.)

It utilizes the immune system to treat diseases.

·d.)

It helps in diagnosing microbial diseases.

A vaccine contains a form of _____ that elicit(s) a response from the body's immune system.

·a.)

an antigen

·b.)

memory cells

·c.)

B-cells

·d.)

an antibody

Which of the following statements about vaccines is true?

·a.)

Vaccines use dead or weakened antigens to produce antibodies, known as active immunity.

·b.)

A vaccine marks invading viruses the body wouldn't otherwise notice for destruction.

·c.)

Vaccines prevent the production of memory cells, making it difficult for disease to spread.

·d.)

A booster shot is used to elicit a primary immune response in which the body produces antibodies against a particular pathogen.

Which statement explains how vaccines work?

·a.)

Vaccines initiate a form of innate immunity that help prevent the virus from being able to enter your body in the first place.

·b.)

Vaccines prompt the body to develop antibodies against the antigen and memory cells so that your body is equipped to fight the real virus if necessary.

·c.)

Vaccines use dead or weakened bacterial cells to help produce a form of passive immunity, preventing you from exposure to any form of illness.

·d.)

Vaccines activate the complement system, which causes destruction to any pathogen that invades the body.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an example of what type of disorder?

·a.)

Immunodeficiency

·b.)

Allergy

·c.)

Could be any

·d.)

Autoimmune disorder

Anaphylactic shock is a possible symptom of what type of disorder?

·a.)

Could be any

·b.)

Immunodeficiency

·c.)

Allergy

·d.)

Autoimmune disorder

AIDS is an example of what type of disorder?

·a.)

Could be any

·b.)

Immunodeficiency

·c.)

Autoimmune disorder

·d.)

Allergy

Which of the following describes cancer?

·a.)

The body's immune system attacking its own cells

·b.)

A bacteria that reprograms cells to make them cancerous

·c.)

The uncontrollable division of cells

·d.)

Cells not dividing fast enough to replace themselves

Which of the following is most active in fighting cancer cells?

·a.)

Dendritic cells and B-cells in antibody mediated immune responses

·b.)

Phagocytes and lymphocytes in innate immune responses

·c.)

T-cells and B-cells in humoral immune responses

·d.)

Cytotoxic T-cells and NK-cells in cell-mediated immune responses

What are normally responsible for helping to prevent cancer by regulating cell growth?

·a.)

Tumor suppressor genes

·b.)

Oncogenes

·c.)

NK-cells

·d.)

Cytotoxic T-cells

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