SCI 115 Human Biology Unit 6 Challenges Sophia Course

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Unit no #6  Genetics and biotechnology

                           Challenge no 1

Which of these is true for DNA structure?

·a.)

The bases are paired by hydrogen bonding.

·b.)

The phosphate group forms ionic bonds with the bases.

·c.)

It contains a five-carbon sugar called ribose.

·d.)

It contains five nitrogen bases.

If one strand of a DNA double helix has bases "ATCCGC," what bases are on the other strand of the helix?

·a.)

GCCGAT

·b.)

TTCCGA

·c.)

GCTTAT

·d.)

TAGGCG

Which set of statements about chromosomes is true?

·a.)

They are condensed DNA molecules.

They pass from one generation to another.

·b.)

They are loosely coiled DNA molecules.

They pass from one generation to another.

·c.)

They are loosely coiled DNA molecules.

They cannot pass from one generation to another.

·d.)

They are condensed DNA molecules.

They cannot pass from one generation to another.

In which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up and become attached to spindle fibers?

·a.)

Telophase

·b.)

Anaphase

·c.)

Metaphase

·d.)

Prophase

In which phase of mitosis does the nuclear membrane begin to break down?

·a.)

Prophase

·b.)

Metaphase

·c.)

Telophase

·d.)

Anaphase

In which phase of mitosis does the plasma membrane begin to form a cleavage furrow?

·a.)

Telophase

·b.)

Prophase

·c.)

Metaphase

·d.)

Anaphase

Which of these is true about meiosis?

·a.)

Meiosis occurs in all type of cells.

·b.)

Daughter cells are identical to the parent cell.

·c.)

Meiosis causes an increase in the chromosome number.

·d.)

Meiosis results in the formation of haploid cells.

Meiosis leads to the formation of gametes. 

For egg cells, this process is called __________.

·a.)

oogenesis

·b.)

oocytosis

·c.)

cytokinesis

·d.)

spermatogenesis

Which of these is a result of crossing over?

·a.)

Decrease in the number of chromosomes

·b.)

Increase in the number of chromosomes

·c.)

Exchange of proteins

·d.)

Exchange of genetic material

Which of the following is a potentially life-threatening mutation?

·a.)

DNA repair

·b.)

Semiconservative replication

·c.)

Base pair substitution

·d.)

DNA polymerase

What is a change in a gene's sequence called?

·a.)

DNA polymerases

·b.)

Semiconservative replication

·c.)

Gene mutation

·d.)

DNA replication

Which of these is a function of DNA polymerase?

·a.)

Transcription of DNA

·b.)

Preservation of DNA

·c.)

Replication of DNA

·d.)

Separation of DNA

Which of these is necessary for transcription to occur?

·a.)

Ligase

·b.)

RNA polymerase

·c.)

DNA polymerase

·d.)

Topoisomerase

Which of these is an end product of transcription?

·a.)

Transfer RNA

·b.)

Complementary DNA

·c.)

Messenger RNA

·d.)

Amino acid chain

Which of these is the section of a gene that contains protein coding information?

·a.)

Exons

·b.)

Enhancers

·c.)

Introns

·d.)

Codons

Translation takes place on a ribosome in the __________ of the cell.

·a.)

Golgi body

·b.)

nucleus

·c.)

mitochondria

·d.)

cytoplasm

Which of these statements is true?

·a.)

A peptide is formed between amino acids.

·b.)

mRNA links together amino acids.

·c.)

tRNA has anticodons.

·d.)

Translation occurs in the nucleus.

What type of bond joins the amino acid molecules during translation?

·a.)

Disulfide bond

·b.)

Ester bond

·c.)

Peptide bond

·d.)

Hydrogen bond

What is the main focus of the human genome project?

·a.)

To map all the genes of a human being

·b.)

To compare the DNA sequence of all organisms

·c.)

To restrict mutations from occurring in genes

·d.)

To manipulate genes to cure diseases

Which statement is true for variable number tandem repeats?

·a.)

They are similar in all organisms.

·b.)

They are identified as a single nucleotide mutation.

·c.)

They are present only in humans.

·d.)

They are unique from person to person.

Roughly __________ of human DNA codes for proteins.

 

The rest of human DNA has no known function, and is called __________ DNA.

·a.)

2%; intron

·b.)

98%; noncoding

·c.)

2%; junk

·d.)

98%; junk

Which of these is an example of bioremediation?

·a.)

The treatment of a health disorder with an organ implant

·b.)

The clean-up of an oil spill with genetically modified bacteria

·c.)

The production of insulin with genetically modified bacteria

·d.)

An increase in cereal production with the use of transgenic plants

What process involves the insertion of a gene into a virus and its integration into the host cell?

·a.)

Transformation

·b.)

Transcription

·c.)

Transfection

·d.)

Translation

Which enzyme is used to splice DNA at specific sites?

·a.)

Polymerase

·b.)

Transcriptase

·c.)

Restriction enzyme

·d.)

Ligase

                                      Challenge no #2

Which term describes the specific position of a gene on a chromosome?

·a.)

Phenotype

·b.)

Locus

·c.)

Genotype

·d.)

Allele

What is it called when an organism has two of the same variations of the same gene?

·a.)

Homozygous

·b.)

Locus

·c.)

Allele

·d.)

Heterozygous

What is it called when a gene varies slightly from other genes of the same type?

·a.)

Genotype

·b.)

Allele

·c.)

Phenotype

·d.)

Heterozygous

Having dimples (represented as D) is a dominant trait. Karen does not have dimples. 

Which of the following could have been her parents' genotypes?

·a.)

DD, dd

·b.)

DD, Dd

·c.)

Dd, Dd

·d.)

DD, DD

Earlobes that fully attach to the neck (represented as e) are a recessive trait. Eliot's earlobes attach to his neck, but Katherine's do not and Katherine doesn't even have the recessive allele.

If they have a child, which of the following could be his/her genotype?

·a.)

Both Ee and EE

·b.)

Ee

·c.)

EE

·d.)

ee

Brown eyes are a dominant trait. Mike and Trisha both have brown eyes, but their first child has blue eyes.

What is the most likely explanation?

·a.)

Another gene caused the alleles for brown eyes to deactivate.

·b.)

One of the two has a blue eye allele that is dominant in the child.

·c.)

It's not possible--Mike can't be the real father.

·d.)

Both parents have a recessive blue eye allele that got passed on to their child.

Which of the following is true about codominance?

·a.)

Two alleles can be expressed at the same time with neither being dominant.

·b.)

An example of codominance is a person who has an A and an O allele for blood type.

·c.)

More than one allele is present for a gene, but one allele is dominant over the other(s).

·d.)

Three alleles can all be expressed at the same time, with none of them being dominant.

With blood type, the __________ alleles are considered __________ and can be expressed together.

·a.)

A & B, recessive

·b.)

A & B, codominant

·c.)

A & O, recessive

·d.)

B & O, codominate

Which of the following blood types represents the concept of codominance?

·a.)

BB

·b.)

AB

·c.)

AA

·d.)

BO

What is a phenotype that is influenced by the environment called?

·a.)

Polygenic trait

·b.)

Penetrance

·c.)

Multifactorial trait

·d.)

Pleiotropy

What is it called when one gene influences multiple phenotypes?

·a.)

Penetrance

·b.)

Multifactorial trait

·c.)

Polygenic trait

·d.)

Pleiotropy

What is it called when two separate genes contribute to one phenotype?

·a.)

Multifactorial trait

·b.)

Polygenic trait

·c.)

Pleiotropy

·d.)

Penetrance

A person who is born without pinky fingers due to an inherited gene is an example of what?

·a.)

Genetic disorder

·b.)

Pedigree

·c.)

Carrier

·d.)

Genetic abnormality

Having a disease that's caused by a gene and increases risk of death is an example of what?

·a.)

Genetic disorder

·b.)

Genetic abnormality

·c.)

Pedigree

·d.)

Carrier

What does it mean for an individual to be a "carrier" for a trait?

·a.)

The individual physically manifests the trait, but since it is recessive, he/she has a low likelihood of passing it on to offspring.

·b.)

The trait is not physically manifested, but the individual possesses a recessive allele for the trait that he/she could pass on to offspring.

·c.)

The individual is homozygous dominant for the trait and has a 100% chance of passing the trait on to offspring.

·d.)

The individual carries both recessive alleles for the trait and has a high likelihood of passing the trait to offspring.

If part of a chromosome is missing, what likely happened?

·a.)

Duplication

·b.)

None of these

·c.)

Deletion

·d.)

Translocation

A gene sequence that goes ABCDCDEFG is most likely what kind of mutation?

·a.)

Duplication

·b.)

None of these

·c.)

Deletion

·d.)

Translocation

A gene sequence that goes ABCIEFG is likely what kind of mutation?

·a.)

Duplication

·b.)

None of these

·c.)

Translocation

·d.)

Deletion

How many chromosomes are there in the skin cells of a person with Down syndrome?

·a.)

48

·b.)

47

·c.)

45

·d.)

46

Which of these statements about Turner syndrome is correct?

·a.)

It is evident only in males.

·b.)

It is associated with heart disorders.

·c.)

It is evident only in females.

·d.)

It is the presence of an extra chromosome.

Which of these is true about XYY syndrome?

·a.)

It is associated with respiratory disorders.

·b.)

It is evident only in females.

·c.)

It may result in the development of breasts.

·d.)

It results in males who are taller than average.

 

A father has cystic fibrosis and the mother is a carrier for the disorder. 

What are the odds that they will have a child with cystic fibrosis?

·a.)

100%

·b.)

50%

·c.)

0%

·d.)

25%

Which of these conditions will result in the inheritance of autosomal recessive disease?

·a.)

When both parents contribute two recessive alleles each for the disease.

·b.)

When only the mother contributes both of the recessive alleles for the disease.

·c.)

When both the parents contribute a recessive allele for the disease.

·d.)

When only the father contributes both of the recessive alleles for the disease

Which couple (represented by alleles) could possibly have a child with an autosomal recessive trait?

·a.)

Bb, Bb

·b.)

Bb, BB

·c.)

BB, BB

·d.)

BB, bb

What has to occur for a person to inherit an autosomal dominant trait?

·a.)

One parent must contribute a dominant allele.

·b.)

Both parents must contribute dominant alleles.

·c.)

Both parents must contribute recessive alleles.

·d.)

One parent must contribute a recessive allele.

Which of these is an autosomal dominant disorder?

·a.)

Cystic fibrosis

·b.)

Down syndrome

·c.)

Huntington's disease

·d.)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

If a man died after his aorta burst, which autosomal dominant disorder did he most likely have?

·a.)

Marfan syndrome

·b.)

Familial hypercholesterolemia

·c.)

Huntington's disease

·d.)

Achondroplasia

 

A mother has has hemophilia and the father does not.

 

What do we know about their son?

·a.)

The son cannot have hemophilia.

·b.)

The son is a carrier for hemophilia.

·c.)

There is a 100% chance the son has hemophilia.

·d.)

The son is at risk of developing hemophilia

A father has hemophilia and the mother is a carrier.

 

What are the odds they have a son with hemophilia?

·a.)

0%

·b.)

50%

·c.)

100%

·d.)

25%

A father has Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

 

Which of the following statements is true?

·a.)

If he has a daughter, she has a 100% chance of being affected.

·b.)

If he has a daughter, she will either be affected or a carrier.

·c.)

It is only possible to pass the trait on to sons.

·d.)

Both sons and daughters have an equal chance of inheriting the gene

 

 

                           

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