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SCI 115 Unit 4Â Milestone Human Biology Sophia Course
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1
Which set of facts is true for the lymphatic system?
·
It works together with the respiratory and immune systems.
It returns tissue fluid back to the cardiovascular system.
·
It works together with the circulatory and respiratory systems.
It transports blood to the central nervous system.
·
It works together with the circulatory and immune systems.
It returns tissue fluid back to the cardiovascular system.
·
It works together with the circulatory and immune systems.
It carries blood to the excretory system.
CONCEPT
Lymphatic System
2
Which node does a pacemaker assist?
·
The AV node
·
The SA node
·
Both the SA and AV nodes
·
It acts against both nodes
CONCEPT
Cardiac Cycle and Cardiac Conduction System
3
What is the role of a tumor suppressor?
·
Promotes growth of oncogenes
·
Restricts expression of oncogenes
·
Helps normal cells to divide
·
Allows growth of normal cells
CONCEPT
Cancer and Homeostasis
4
What kind of immunity involves a one-size-fits-all response to invading pathogens?
·
Pathogenic
·
Adaptive
·
General
·
Innate
CONCEPT
Pathogens
5
What is "leukocyte" the technical term for?
·
Platelets
·
White blood cells
·
Plasma
·
Red blood cells
CONCEPT
Blood
6
If a transplanted organ's MHC cells don't match those of the recipient, what will happen?
·
The recipient's body will block off the new organ and it won't function normally.
·
The recipient's immune system will identify the transplanted organ as an intruder and attack it.
·
The recipient's immune system will change the MHC markers on the organ so that it won't be identified as an intruder.
·
The organ will change its MHC cells so as to be recognized by the recipient's immune system.
CONCEPT
Organ Transplant and Immunotherapy
7
What is it called when a clot prevents the brain from getting enough blood?
·
Stroke
·
Hemophilia
·
Thrombosis
·
Embolism
CONCEPT
Platelets
8
Which set of facts is true for vaccines?
·
They produce passive immunity.
They are mostly targeted against bacteria.
·
They produce passive immunity.
They are mostly targeted against viruses.
·
They produce active immunity.
They are mostly targeted against viruses.
·
They produce active immunity.
They are mostly targeted against bacteria.
CONCEPT
Vaccines
9
Which antibody that inhibits pathogens from binding to the body's cells is found in endocrine gland secretions, such as tears and saliva?
·
IgD
·
IgE
·
IgG
·
IgA
CONCEPT
Humoral Immunity
10
Which statement about T-cells is true?
·
They mature in the bone marrow.
·
They make antibodies.
·
They activate B-cells.
·
They are non-specific in nature.
CONCEPT
Adaptive Immunity
11
Before reaching the lungs, the trachea branches into two parts called ___________.
·
bronchioles
·
alveoli
·
the larynx
·
bronchi
CONCEPT
Lower Respiratory Tract
12
Which of the following statements about immunodeficiency is true?
·
It only occurs when the immune system has been intentionally compromised as part of treatment for diseases like cancer.
·
It means the immune system is weak or nonexistent.
·
It means the immune system is overactive and targets harmless things like pollen or dander.
·
It means the immune system attacks a person's own cells and organs.
CONCEPT
Immune System Disorders and HIV/AIDS
13
Which type of white blood cell targets bacteria and fungi?
·
Neutrophils
·
Eosinophils
·
Basophils
·
Monocytes
CONCEPT
White Blood Cells
14
What are the two types of effector T-cells?
·
Cytotoxic T-cells and phagocytic T-cells
·
Helper T-cells and mediator T-cells
·
Helper T-cells and phagocytic T-cells
·
Cytotoxic T-cells and helper T-cells
CONCEPT
Cell-Mediated Response
15
What is the function of the capillaries?
·
To temporarily store blood that isn't being circulated
·
To carry blood toward the heart
·
To act as a zone of diffusion between blood and tissues
·
To carry blood away from the heart
CONCEPT
Cardiovascular System
16
The diagram shows the structure of the human heart.
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What is the importance of the part labeled X?
·
It prevents the backflow of blood from the systemic circuit.
·
It prevents the backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery.
·
It separates oxygenated blood from deoxygenated blood.
·
It provides lubrication to the heart by secreting fluids.
CONCEPT
Heart and Blood Flow
17
Which molecule helps maintain the pressure gradient of oxygen?
·
Respiratory membrane
·
Endothelium
·
Hemoglobin
·
Alveoli
CONCEPT
Respiration and the Respiratory Cycle
18
What might a person with chronically low blood pressure be diagnosed with?
·
Hypotension
·
Hypertension
·
Vasoconstriction
·
Vasodilation
CONCEPT
Blood Pressure
19
Which part of the upper respiratory system is commonly known as the throat?
·
Esophagus
·
Trachea
·
Larynx
·
Pharynx
CONCEPT
Upper Respiratory Tract
20
Which of these describes agglutination?
·
It is the condition resulting from a person being given the right type of blood.
·
It is the condition resulting from a person being given type O blood.
·
It is the condition resulting from a person being given the wrong type of blood.
·
It is the condition resulting from a person being given type AB blood.
CONCEPT
Blood Types
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1
What kind of blood pressure exists when the ventricle relaxes?
·
Hypertension
·
Hypotension
·
Diastolic
·
Systolic
CONCEPT
Blood Pressure
2
Which node does a pacemaker assist?
·
The SA node
·
Both the SA and AV nodes
·
The AV node
·
It acts against both nodes
CONCEPT
Cardiac Cycle and Cardiac Conduction System
3
Which part of the lymphatic system filters lymph?
·
Lymph vessels
·
Thymus
·
Spleen
·
Lymph nodes
CONCEPT
Lymphatic System
4
Which of the following is the cause of allergies?
·
The immune system begins to attack the body's own cells.
·
The immune system overreacts to harmless environmental stimuli.
·
The immune system stops working and the body becomes susceptible to intruders it would otherwise fight.
·
The immune system lacks the cells necessary to fight off the stimulus.
CONCEPT
Immune System Disorders and HIV/AIDS
5
Which part of the upper respiratory system is commonly known as the throat?
·
Larynx
·
Trachea
·
Pharynx
·
Esophagus
CONCEPT
Upper Respiratory Tract
6
Which of the following statements about vaccines is true?
·
The dead or weakened virus injected during a vaccination is an example of an antibody.
·
Vaccines elicit the body to produce passive immunity against a particular virus.
·
A vaccine prompts the body's B-cells to produce antibodies and memory cells.
·
All vaccines produce lifelong immunity against a virus.
CONCEPT
Vaccines
7
What are the antibodies found in blood type B?
·
Anti-A
·
Neither anti-A nor anti-B
·
Anti-B
·
Anti-A and Anti-B
CONCEPT
Blood Types
8
What is the role of the aorta in the systemic circuit?
·
It collects deoxygenated blood supplies from the lungs.
·
It supplies oxygenated blood to various body tissues.
·
It collects oxygenated blood supplies from the lungs.
·
It supplies deoxygenated blood to various body tissues.
CONCEPT
Heart and Blood Flow
9
What is "vital capacity?"
·
The minimum amount of air that moves into the lungs after taking the deepest breath
·
The maximum amount of air that moves out of the lungs after taking the deepest breath
·
The minimum amount of air that moves out of the lungs after taking the deepest breath
·
The maximum amount of air that moves into the lungs after taking the deepest breath
CONCEPT
Respiration and the Respiratory Cycle
10
Which statement is true about monoclonal antibodies?
·
They are used in the treatment of fungal infections.
·
They are used in the treatment of certain cancers.
·
They are used in the treatment of viral infections.
·
They are used in the treatment of bacterial infections.
CONCEPT
Organ Transplant and Immunotherapy
11
Which of these is a characteristic of adaptive immunity?
·
It is non-specific.
·
It is the first line of defense.
·
It produces memory cells.
·
It does not recognize MHC.
CONCEPT
Adaptive Immunity
12
Which component of blood plays a role in the immune system?
·
Platelets
·
Red blood cells
·
Plasma
·
White blood cells
CONCEPT
Blood
13
Which statement correctly identifies the role of IgE, the membrane-bound antibody that anchors to a variety of different white blood cells?
·
When this antibody binds to an antigen, it induces the attached cell to release histamines.
·
This antibody is a B-cell receptor that clusters into a structure with many binding sites in response to a pathogen.
·
Found in tears and saliva, this antibody inhibits invading pathogens from binding to the body's cells.
·
Located in the blood, this antibody is the most prevalent in the human body.
CONCEPT
Humoral Immunity
14
Which of these act as a connector between arterioles and venules?
·
Veins
·
Ventricles
·
Capillaries
·
Arteries
CONCEPT
Cardiovascular System
15
What is it called when a clot prevents the brain from getting enough blood?
·
Thrombosis
·
Stroke
·
Embolism
·
Hemophilia
CONCEPT
Platelets
16
What muscular tubes, not supported by cartilage, help regulate airflow into and out of the lungs?
·
Trachea
·
Bronchioles
·
Diaphragm
·
Alveoli
CONCEPT
Lower Respiratory Tract
17
Which cells are triggered by our immune system to destroy certain types of cancer cells?
·
Plasma cells
·
Natural killer cells
·
Myeloma cells
·
Spleen cells
CONCEPT
Cancer and Homeostasis
18
Which kind of immunity does mucus play a role in?
·
Adaptive
·
Physical barriers
·
General
·
Innate
CONCEPT
Pathogens
19
Which type of white blood cell targets bacteria and fungi?
·
Monocytes
·
Eosinophils
·
Basophils
·
Neutrophils
CONCEPT
White Blood Cells
20
What are the two types of effector T-cells?
·
Cytotoxic T-cells and helper T-cells
·
Cytotoxic T-cells and phagocytic T-cells
·
Helper T-cells and phagocytic T-cells
·
Helper T-cells and mediator T-cells
CONCEPT
Cell-Mediated Response
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1
Before reaching the lungs, the trachea branches into two parts called ___________.
·
bronchi
·
the larynx
·
bronchioles
·
alveoli
CONCEPT
Lower Respiratory Tract
2
Which of the following statements about vaccines is true?
·
Booster shots are a type of secondary vaccine that allow for longer lasting protection against a particular virus.
·
Vaccines are used against viruses, bacteria and fungal infections.
·
Vaccines are non-specific, meaning they protect against a variety of viruses or illnesses.
·
A vaccine prompts the body's T-cells to produce antibodies against the virus.
CONCEPT
Vaccines
3
Which of the following is an autoimmune disorder?
·
Allergies
·
Anaphylactic shock
·
AIDS
·
Lupus
CONCEPT
Immune System Disorders and HIV/AIDS
4
What is the role of a tumor suppressor?
·
Helps normal cells to divide
·
Restricts expression of oncogenes
·
Promotes growth of oncogenes
·
Allows growth of normal cells
CONCEPT
Cancer and Homeostasis
5
A person with blood type A can donate blood to individuals with which blood types?
·
A, B
·
A, O
·
A, O, AB
·
A, AB
CONCEPT
Blood Types
6
Which of the following statements about the cardiac cycle is true?
·
The cardiac cycle is the time for which a heart stays in the contraction phase.
·
The cardiac cycle is the relaxation and contraction of the heart's chambers.
·
The cardiac cycle is the number of times a heart beats per minute.
·
The cardiac cycle is the time for which a heart stays in the relaxation phase.
CONCEPT
Cardiac Cycle and Cardiac Conduction System
7
Which antibody that inhibits pathogens from binding to the body's cells is found in endocrine gland secretions, such as tears and saliva?
·
IgD
·
IgE
·
IgA
·
IgG
CONCEPT
Humoral Immunity
8
What is the secondary means by which air enters the body when breathing is labored or heavy?
·
Nasal cavity
·
Larynx
·
Trachea
·
Oral cavity
CONCEPT
Upper Respiratory Tract
9
Which molecule helps maintain the pressure gradient of oxygen?
·
Alveoli
·
Respiratory membrane
·
Endothelium
·
Hemoglobin
CONCEPT
Respiration and the Respiratory Cycle
10
Which type of white blood cell contains enzymes called granules?
·
Granulocytes
·
Agranulocytes
·
Monocytes
·
Leukocytes
CONCEPT
White Blood Cells
11
The diagram shows the structure of the human heart.
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Identify the part labeled Y.
·
Superior vena cava
·
Pulmonary artery
·
Aorta
·
Inferior vena cava
CONCEPT
Heart and Blood Flow
12
Which set of facts is true for the lymphatic system?
·
It works together with the respiratory and immune systems.
It returns tissue fluid back to the cardiovascular system.
·
It works together with the circulatory and respiratory systems.
It transports blood to the central nervous system.
·
It works together with the circulatory and immune systems.
It returns tissue fluid back to the cardiovascular system.
·
It works together with the circulatory and immune systems.
It carries blood to the excretory system.
CONCEPT
Lymphatic System
13
Which accurately represents bloodflow through the cardiovascular system?
·
Heart → Veins → Venules → Capillaries → Arterioles → Arteries → Heart
·
Heart → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Heart
·
Heart → Arteries or Veins → Capillaries → Arterioles or Venules → Heart
·
Heart → Arterioles or Venules → Capillaries → Arteries or Veins → Heart
CONCEPT
Cardiovascular System
14
__________ T cells and __________T cells are two types of effector T cells.
·
Memory; NK
·
Cytotoxic; helper
·
Antibody; cytotoxic
·
NK; helper
CONCEPT
Cell-Mediated Response
15
Which statement about T-cells is true?
·
They mature in the bone marrow.
·
They make antibodies.
·
They are non-specific in nature.
·
They activate B-cells.
CONCEPT
Adaptive Immunity
16
What kind of immunity involves white blood cells that have receptors for specific pathogens that changes over time and produces memory cells?
·
Adaptive
·
General
·
Innate
·
Pathogenic
CONCEPT
Pathogens
17
In which of the following does the blood clot appropriately to prevent major blood loss?
·
Embolism
·
Hemophilia
·
Hemostasis
·
Thrombosis
CONCEPT
Platelets
18
Which component of blood helps it to clot?
·
Red blood cells
·
White blood cells
·
Platelets
·
Plasma
CONCEPT
Blood
19
If a transplanted organ's MHC cells don't match those of the recipient, what will happen?
·
The recipient's immune system will identify the transplanted organ as an intruder and attack it.
·
The recipient's immune system will change the MHC markers on the organ so that it won't be identified as an intruder.
·
The recipient's body will block off the new organ and it won't function normally.
·
The organ will change its MHC cells so as to be recognized by the recipient's immune system.
CONCEPT
Organ Transplant and Immunotherapy
20
How do blood vessels maintain homeostasis when blood pressure increases?
·
Hypotension
·
Vasodilation
·
Hypertension
·
Vasoconstriction
CONCEPT
Blood Pressure
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What role does the enzyme thrombin play in blood clotting?
·
It causes red blood cells to clump together and form a clot.
·
It attracts platelets to itself to cause a clot.
·
It binds with platelets to make fibrin, which then covers the damaged area like a sheet.
·
It causes threads to form across the damaged area that catch platelets and cause a clot.
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In what specific part of the respiratory system does the exchange of gasses between the bloodstream and the air occur?
·
Trachea
·
Pharynx
·
Alveoli
·
Bronchi
Monoclonal antibodies and __________ can be used to treat certain types of cancers in a process known as immunotherapy.
·
Cytokines
·
Polyclonal antibodies
·
Leukocytes
·
Macrophages
Which of the following is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle?
Â
·
Cardiac output
·
Systole
·
Cardiac input
·
Diastole
What is the name for the small flap that prevents food and drink from entering the trachea?
·
Pharynx
·
Bronchi
·
Larynx
·
Epiglottis
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This diagram shows the lymphatic system of a human.
Â
Which of these is true for the part labeled X?
·
It is a production site for antibodies.
·
It is a filtration site for lymph.
·
It is a secretion site for lymph.
·
It is a maturation site for T lymphocytes.
Select the TRUE statement about antibody-mediated immune responses, also known as humoral immunity.
·
It is most effective at fighting pathogens outside of a cell.
·
It is only effective at fighting viruses.
·
It is most effective at fighting pathogens that have invaded a cell.
·
It is only effective at fighting toxins that have invaded a cell.
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Select the immune defense that is specific to adaptive immunity.
·
Skin
·
Antibody
·
Fever
·
Inflammation
Â
Which type of white blood cell attacks other unhealthy cells?
·
Monocytes
·
Basophils
·
Lymphocytes
·
Eosinophils
Which of these may cause cancer?
·
Mutation of the tumor suppressor gene and the expression of oncogenes
·
Suppression of an oncogene
·
Mutation in a gene that slows cell division
·
Expression of a tumor suppressor gene
Which of these occur once an infected cell is identified by cytotoxic T-cells?
·
The cell undergoes apoptosis.
·
The cell releases helper T-cells.
·
The cell starts to replicate.
·
The cell digests the pathogen.
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