PHI 2000 Introduction to Ethics Unit 2 Challenges Sophia Course

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Challenge 1

Which of the following statements about divine command theory is true?

·a.)

Divine command theory is the basis of all religious morality.

·b.)

Divine command theory states that what is right or wrong is based on the individual's judgement.

·c.)

Divine command theory states that what is right is wholly determined from God's command.

·d.)

Divine command theory is a relativist moral theory.

Which of the following statements about divine command theory is true?

·a.)

Divine command theory states that God's commands can be interpreted in different ways depending on the individual.

·b.)

Divine command theory states that anything that isn't explicitly forbidden is obligatory.

·c.)

Divine command theory states that anyone who believes in God accepts divine command theory.

·d.)

Divine command theory states that God freely chooses what is right and what is wrong.

Which of the following statements about divine command theory is true?

·a.)

Divine command theory states that what is right is determined by the consequences of actions.

·b.)

Divine command theory states that right and wrong can also be discovered apart from divine command.

·c.)

Divine command theory is an objectivist moral theory.

·d.)

Divine command theory states that moral and ethical issues are separate from religious issues.

Oliver asks his rabbi if it's acceptable for him to swim in the ocean while visiting family in South Carolina. The rabbi tells him God has not said anything about swimming in the ocean. 

Thus according to divine command theory, swimming in the ocean is __________.

·a.)

neutral

·b.)

supererogatory

·c.)

impermissible

·d.)

obligatory

Patricia abstains from eating pork because she believes God has commanded her to. 

Thus according to divine command theory, eating pork is __________.

·a.)

obligatory

·b.)

impermissible

·c.)

supererogatory

·d.)

neutral

Norman learns from his pastor that God commands people to love one another. 

Thus according to divine command theory, loving one another is __________.

·a.)

obligatory

·b.)

supererogatory

·c.)

impermissible

·d.)

neutral

Which of the following examples contains a disagreement between popular thought and divine command theory?

·a.)

God forbids lying, so many people try to be honest all the time.

·b.)

God forbids worship of other gods, but he doesn't forbid worship of himself.

·c.)

God commands all people to love him, and many do.

·d.)

God says to forgive all people, but many crimes are thought to be unforgivable.

Which of the following examples contains a disagreement between popular thought and divine command theory?

·a.)

God commands people to honor their parents, but some people don't have parents in their lives.

·b.)

God forbids murder, and so does the government.

·c.)

God commands people to keep the Sabbath day holy, so many business are closed on that day.

·d.)

God forbids eating meat from pigs, but many people say eating pork is a good thing.

Which of the following examples contains a disagreement between popular thought and divine command theory?

·a.)

God commands everyone to make a pilgrimage to a holy site. Many people go to Mecca each year.

·b.)

God forbids lying, but most people think lying is acceptable if it does good.

·c.)

God commands people to be generous, but he also allows people to take vacations.

·d.)

God forbids divorce, but some people have never been married in the first place.

Which of the following is an advantage of divine command theory?

·a.)

Divine command theory tends to prevent emotional needs from being fulfilled.

·b.)

Divine command theory obscures humanity's place in the world.

·c.)

Divine command theory allows for right and wrong to change as needed.

·d.)

Divine command theory provides a source for ethical standards.

Which of the following is an advantage of divine command theory?

·a.)

Divine command theory focuses on consequences of actions.

·b.)

Divine command theory offers a firm basis for ethics.

·c.)

Divine command theory is a relativist ethical theory.

·d.)

Divine command theory aims to satisfy the greatest number of people.

Which of the following is an advantage of divine command theory?

·a.)

Divine command theory focuses on what kind of person the agent is.

·b.)

Divine command theory is a relative moral theory.

·c.)

Divine command theory offers standards that originate outside of humanity.

·d.)

Divine command theory allows for cultural differences.

Which of the following represents a challenge to divine command theory?

·a.)

Divine command theory obscures humanity's place in the world.

·b.)

Divine command theory provides no motivations for being moral.

·c.)

Divine command theory does not offer directives for every situation.

·d.)

Divine command theory can be fairly uncomfortable.

Which of the following represents a challenge to the voluntarist option of divine command theory?

·a.)

God's commands are too hard to follow.

·b.)

God's commands are based on reason, not his free choice.

·c.)

If God changes, what is good and what is evil could also change.

·d.)

God's commands are irrelevant to humanity.

Which of the following represents a challenge to the intellectualist option of divine command theory?

·a.)

This option claims that ethics is separate from religion, and one cannot be religious while taking the intellectualist option.

·b.)

Since God's command is subjective, it does not have a firm basis in ethics.

·c.)

It goes against divine command theory's principle that God's command is free.

·d.)

The intellectualist option requires that we know divine command about every possible action.

In a popular Bible story, God intends to flood the earth and commands Noah to build an ark to preserve his family and all the animals. 

According to divine command theory, if Noah had refused to build the ark, would that have been a right action or a wrong action?

·a.)

A right action because Noah didn’t want all the inhabitants of the earth to die

·b.)

A right action because that might have convinced God to spare mankind

·c.)

A wrong action because God had given Noah skill as a carpenter

·d.)

A wrong action because that would have been denying God’s command

In a well-known Biblical story, Adam and Eve lived in a beautiful garden. They were allowed to eat anything they wished, except God forbade them from eating the fruit from one particular tree.

Since Eve and Adam sampled the fruit from the forbidden tree, according to divine command theory, was this a right action or a wrong action?

·a.)

A wrong action because they disobeyed God’s command

·b.)

A wrong action because the fruit could have been poisoned

·c.)

A right action because they were trying to please God

·d.)

A right action because the fruits were there for their consumption

In a well-known Biblical story, God sent Jonah on an errand to deliver a message. Instead, Jonah went to sea on a ship. There was a terrible storm and Jonah was thrown overboard to save the others. Then God sent a great fish to swallow Jonah and save him.

According to divine command theory, was Jonah’s decision to go to sea a right or a wrong action?

·a.)

A wrong action because God had commanded Jonah to do something else

·b.)

A right action because he did not agree with the message God had ordered him to deliver

·c.)

A wrong action because he imperiled the lives of others

·d.)

A right action because he knew God would save him no matter what

Challenge 2

Which of the following ideas does conventionalism profess?

·a.)

What is good in one culture could be evil in another.

·b.)

All cultures are at their core the same.

·c.)

Some cultures are closer to the objective truth than others.

·d.)

A culture's customs are unrelated to ethical truths.

Which of the following is true of conventionalism?

·a.)

Conventionalism is an objectivist moral theory.

·b.)

Conventionalism is not a single ethical theory, but a family of theories.

·c.)

Conventionalism holds that some cultures have better ethics than others.

·d.)

Conventionalism emphasizes similarities between cultures.

Which of the following is a tenet of conventionalism?

·a.)

Some things are always wrong no matter the culture.

·b.)

The effects of an action on the culture determine its morality.

·c.)

No culture is morally better or worse than any other culture.

·d.)

Every culture participates in the overall world culture.

Charlie likes to put on elaborate theme parties on Friday evenings. Some people look down on him for doing so, but many people support and enjoy his parties.

What would a conventionalist call this action in Charlie's culture?

·a.)

Impermissible

·b.)

Neutral

·c.)

Obligatory

·d.)

Supererogatory

Becky belongs to a culture in which arriving early is thought to be impolite. 

What would a conventionalist call this action in Becky's culture?

·a.)

Impermissible

·b.)

Neutral

·c.)

Obligatory

·d.)

Supererogatory

The common practice in Arnold's culture is to remove one's shoes when entering a house.

What would a conventionalist call this action in Arnold's culture?

·a.)

Impermissible

·b.)

Obligatory

·c.)

Supererogatory

·d.)

Neutral

When visiting the Czech Republic, Carolyn takes her children to a public park and notices that her children are much noisier than their peers. Carolyn wonders if perhaps Eastern Europeans view public parks differently.

According to conventionalism, which action is most appropriate for Carolyn?

·a.)

Carolyn should let her children behave as they normally would.

·b.)

Carolyn should tell her children to avoid the other children.

·c.)

Carolyn should tell her children to play more quietly.

·d.)

Carolyn should stop taking her children to the park.

David hires a recent immigrant, Boris, from Russia as a computer tech in his company. Boris does not speak English well. David’s boss thinks this is a problem, but David does not.

“He needs to learn the language if he’s going to live in America,” David's boss asserts.

“But Boris doesn’t need to know the language in order to do his job,” returns David.

According to conventionalism, who has the stronger ethical stance— David or his boss?

·a.)

David, because Boris’s ability to do his job well is more important than his language skills.

·b.)

The boss, because non-native speakers require the company to hire translators.

·c.)

David, because what is best for the individual is best for society.

·d.)

The boss, because speaking English is a societal norm in American culture.

Isabel moved with her elderly mother to a culture in which it is mandatory that adult children care for their parents. As her mother ages and requires more care, Isabel considers placing her in a facility so that she can continue thriving in her own profession.

According to conventionalism, which action is most appropriate for Isabel to take?

·a.)

She should help her mother find her own place to live independently.

·b.)

She should continue to care for her mother in her own home.

·c.)

She should consider sending her mother back to the United States.

·d.)

She should find a facility that her mother likes and approves of.

Which of the following people would most likely be satisfied with conventionalism?

·a.)

Jeremiah is looking for an ethical framework that allows morality to change over time.

·b.)

Jeanette is looking for an ethical framework that can be applied across the board.

·c.)

Jenny is looking for an ethical framework that is based on sacred scripture.

·d.)

Job is looking for an ethical framework that is focused on the effects of an action.

Which of the following people would most likely be satisfied with conventionalism?

·a.)

Isaac is looking for an ethical framework that classifies every action as right or wrong.

·b.)

Ingrid is looking for an ethical framework that respects local norms.

·c.)

Ian is looking for an ethical framework that puts his own needs first.

·d.)

Ivy is looking for an ethical framework that is focused on self improvement.

Which of the following people would most likely be satisfied with conventionalism?

·a.)

Holger is looking for an ethical framework that brings about the greatest possible good.

·b.)

Holly is looking for an ethical framework that focuses on what kind of person she is.

·c.)

Helen is looking for an ethical framework that is based in objective truth.

·d.)

Henry is looking for an ethical framework that can account for disagreement on right and wrong.

Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument?

·a.)

The conclusion does not follow logically from the premises.

·b.)

Premise 2 is false because it's possible that some cultures are just wrong.

·c.)

Premise 1 is false because universal truths are not always easy to discover.

·d.)

The conclusion is true, but the premises are both false.

Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument?

·a.)

Premise 2 is false because moral truths are not always easily discovered.

·b.)

Premise 1 is false because disagreement does not mean there is no objective truth.

·c.)

The premises do not support the conclusion, so the argument is invalid.

·d.)

The premises are true and the argument is valid, but the conclusion is still false.

Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument?

·a.)

The conclusion contradicts one of the premises, so it can't be true.

·b.)

Premise 1 is false because moral values are unrelated to ethical truths.

·c.)

The argument is invalid, even though both premises and the conclusion are true.

·d.)

Premise 2 is false because many cultures agree on certain moral issues.

Which statement expresses a shortcoming of conventionalism?

·a.)

Because what is good is determined relative to a society or culture, one cannot apply universal standards.

·b.)

Individuals determine cultural norms through their own evaluations of the behavior of others.

·c.)

Conventionalism does not make sense for most people and societies.

·d.)

What is considered right and wrong is always difficult to determine in a given culture.

Which statement expresses a shortcoming of conventionalism?

·a.)

Conventionalism favors the cultural norms of the person evaluating an action.

·b.)

It is difficult to learn the values of a foreign culture.

·c.)

It is impossible to make evaluations across cultures.

·d.)

The results of conventionalism are typically counterintuitive.

Which statement expresses a shortcoming of conventionalism?

·a.)

It is easy to determine what is right and wrong for everyone.

·b.)

Most cultures do not differ on questions of morality.

·c.)

There can be no intercultural evaluation of what is good.

·d.)

Conventionalism delivers only intuitive results.

Challenge 3

Which type of egoism is the theory that humans are only capable of acting in their own self interest?

·a.)

Psychological egoism

·b.)

Ethical egoism

·c.)

Philosophical egoism

·d.)

Logical egoism

Which type of egoism is the theory that humans should act according to their own best interests?

·a.)

Ethical egoism

·b.)

Philosophical egoism

·c.)

Logical egoism

·d.)

Psychological egoism

Which of the following statements about egoism is true?

·a.)

Egoism considers both what is good for the individual and what is good for the society.

·b.)

Egoism theorizes that humans are inherently selfless and should act out of concern for others.

·c.)

Egoism is a theory about the universally accepted behaviors of humans.

·d.)

Egoism is both a theory about how things are and about how things ought to be.

Which of the following scenarios would be neutral for an egoist?

·a.)

Irene discreetly removes money from her church's collection plate as she passes it on.

·b.)

Ishmael gives his lunch to a homeless person, so he can't eat even though he is very hungry.

·c.)

Ignatius wants to see two movies, but only has time for one, so he flips a coin to decide.

·d.)

Isabelle volunteers with her neighborhood watch because she wants to live in a safe neighborhood.

Which of the following scenarios would be obligatory for an egoist?

·a.)

Jasmine reluctantly gives up one Saturday morning a month to play violin at a senior home.

·b.)

James intoxicates himself every night even though he knows it's bad for him and offers no benefit.

·c.)

Jeanney steals her neighbor's newspaper because she doesn't want to pay for one herself.

·d.)

Jarrod debates between steak and pasta for dinner, and finally settles on pasta.

Which of the following scenarios would be impermissible for an egoist?

·a.)

Hadrian doesn't clean up after his dog on walks because he doesn't like carrying his dog's waste in a bag.

·b.)

Hailey donates 10% of her paycheck to help feed the hungry out of a sense of duty, even though she would prefer to keep the money.

·c.)

Hank volunteers each week at a local shelter because he likes the feeling that he's making a difference.

·d.)

Hattie works hard at a job she doesn't like so she can afford to go on a cruise to Hawaii.

You are a mechanic who can make more money by diagnosing and repairing nonexistent car problems. How might an egoist complete this statement?

Charging people for unnecessary repairs is __________.

·a.)

wrong, because running an honest business will earn you more money in the long run

·b.)

right because you charge some customers below costs and it balances out

·c.)

a neutral ethical action because no one is hurt

·d.)

acceptable if your competitors do it, too

According to egoism, all of the following are important ideas to consider on the issue of gun control laws in the United States, EXCEPT __________.

·a.)

an individual has an obligation to consider the safety of others

·b.)

an individual may spend leisure time as she or he wishes

·c.)

an individual has a right to protect themselves

·d.)

an individual can choose how to spend his or her money

Cheating on one’s spouse is widely rejected in most societies. How might an egoist complete this statement?

Cheating on your spouse is permissible if __________.

·a.)

you do it only one time and are sorry

·b.)

your spouse has also cheated on you

·c.)

you tell your spouse

·d.)

nothing bad happens to you as a result

Which of the following statements supports egoism?

·a.)

It is a natural reaction in all humans to avoid pain or suffering.

·b.)

A society is more just if it enforces laws for the benefit of everyone.

·c.)

Inventions that advance society are often from individuals acting for the greater good of society.

·d.)

A society is more just if it distributes rewards to everyone equally.

Which of the following statements supports egoism?

·a.)

Ethical standards are easily upheld when they benefit others.

·b.)

Rewarding all athletic participants equally leads to more competitive play.

·c.)

Important innovations are often made by those seeking their own self interests.

·d.)

Conforming to the values of the larger society brings greater success.

Which of the following statements supports egoism?

·a.)

Society benefits when individuals succeed.

·b.)

All actions should be aimed at the greater good of society.

·c.)

The rule of law motivates actions for individuals.

·d.)

If everyone gets a reward, society is more just.

Which of the following represents a difficulty with egoism?

·a.)

Personal ethics are more likely to benefit the individual, but that is not consistent with egoism.

·b.)

People are happiest when they maximize their own pleasure and minimize their own pain.

·c.)

Great advances have come from people acting out of greed.

·d.)

Selfless heroism is often respected and admired, but it's not consistent with egoism.

Which of the following represents a difficulty with egoism?

·a.)

Respect for all people is often thought of as a good thing, but it is inconsistent with egoism.

·b.)

Forcing people to work for others' benefit can lessen the results, which is inconsistent with egoism.

·c.)

Egoism is a natural tendency inherent to all people, so naturally they flourish when it's allowed.

·d.)

Competition often produces better results than teamwork.

Which of the following represents a difficulty with egoism?

·a.)

People are more likely to follow rules if they see the benefit to themselves.

·b.)

Empathy is often thought of a a good trait, but it's not consistent with egoism.

·c.)

Society flourishes when individuals flourish, but that is not consistent with egoism.

·d.)

Individuals who seek their own self interest often benefit society.

Choose the action that is supported by egoism, but might seem unethical.

·a.)

Hiring a company to clean your neighbor's lot without their permission so your property value will increase.

·b.)

Lending a friend a copy of a library book while he is in the hospital.

·c.)

Using skills you learned from your former job to get promoted at your new job.

·d.)

Introducing your neighbor to your favorite exercise regimen when he wants to lose weight.

Choose the action that is supported by egoism, but might seem unethical.

·a.)

Joining with coworkers to let a new employee know you disapprove of his hire, even though you'll get in trouble.

·b.)

Taking credit for work that your colleague completed, so you can impress your boss.

·c.)

Introducing a friend to your favorite weight-loss supplement when he wants to lose weight.

·d.)

Getting permission to use a client list from your old job to approach potential investors.

Choose the action that is supported by egoism, but might seem unethical.

·a.)

Creating an invention to impress your new girlfriend.

·b.)

Protesting a family who has rented an apartment in your building because you do not want them as neighbors.

·c.)

You are physically unable to help your neighbor move because of a recent back injury.

·d.)

Telling your mother she looks beautiful in the new dress she bought for a wedding.

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PHI----------- 20-----------00 -----------Int-----------rod-----------uct-----------ion----------- to----------- Et-----------hic-----------s U-----------nit----------- 2 -----------Cha-----------lle-----------nge-----------s S-----------oph-----------ia -----------Cou-----------rse-----------

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