PHI 2000 Introduction to Ethics Unit 3 Challenges Sophia Course

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Challenge 1

Which of the following considerations is important for a utilitarian when evaluating the morality of an action?

·a.)

Whether the action is wrong in and of itself

·b.)

How many people the action affects

·c.)

How the action will affect one's own growth

·d.)

Whether the action is accepted by society

Why is utilitarianism an objectivist or relativist theory?

·a.)

Utilitarianism is objectivist because it asserts that everyone should act to increase utility.

·b.)

Utilitarianism is relativist because anything that affects impulses is ethically relevant.

·c.)

Utilitarianism is relativist because people interpret utility and happiness in different ways.

·d.)

Utilitarianism is objectivist because it categorizes actions as objectively right or objectively wrong.

For a utilitarian, which consideration is most important?

·a.)

The values evidenced by an action

·b.)

The inherent goodness of an action

·c.)

The consequences of an action

·d.)

The majority opinion on an action

Elizabeth likes drinking coffee from a certain company which treats its farmers poorly and pollutes the environment. 

How would a utilitarian classify Elizabeth's action?

·a.)

Supererogatory

·b.)

Neutral

·c.)

Obligatory

·d.)

Impermissible

Gerrie steals from her neighbor's family to feed hers. Her neighbor's two kids go hungry, but her two kids get fed. 

How would a utilitarian classify this action?

·a.)

Neutral

·b.)

Impermissible

·c.)

Supererogatory

·d.)

Obligatory

Frank is considering donating the excess from a recent bonus to a local shelter instead of spending it on himself. 

How would a utilitarian classify this action?

·a.)

Supererogatory

·b.)

Impermissible

·c.)

Obligatory

·d.)

Neutral

An ethics teacher promises to bring in cookies if every student gets an A on their homework today. But Gina forgot to do her ethics homework, so she pulls the fire alarm right when her ethics class is supposed to start. By the time the school is evacuated and any possibility of a fire ruled out, it’s time for the next class. Gina thus ends up with another day to finish her assignment and get an A. Many people would say this action is immoral. 

How might it be evaluated by a utilitarian?

·a.)

Pulling the fire alarm is morally wrong because it might not work— the schedule for the day might be adjusted to fit the class in, or her teacher might still require homework to be handed in even without having class.

·b.)

Pulling the fire alarm is morally right because it will prevent the unhappiness Gina, her classmates, and her teacher would otherwise have, without any real negative consequences.

·c.)

Pulling the fire alarm is morally wrong because it is dishonest, even if it brings about good consequences and even if Gina is never caught.

·d.)

Pulling the fire alarm is morally right because it will prevent Gina’s unhappiness, even if it might cause undue trauma and negative emotional responses from younger students.

Tabitha’s neighbors are annoyed by the types of plants she grows in her yard. After several attempts at talking to her, digging up her plants in the night, and even running her out of the neighborhood, Tabitha’s annoying behavior has not changed. One neighbor suggests they just kill her. Most people would agree that such an action is clearly immoral. 

How might it be evaluated by a utilitarian?

·a.)

Killing Tabitha is morally right because the majority of her neighbors support the action and very few oppose it.

·b.)

Killing Tabitha is morally right because the happiness it brings all her neighbors will outweigh the harm to her.

·c.)

Killing Tabitha is morally wrong because murder is wrong, regardless of the consequences.

·d.)

Killing Tabitha is morally wrong because Tabitha’s happiness is more important than that of her neighbors.

David is the wealthiest resident in his neighborhood. Some of his poorer neighbors have hacked his wireless internet so they can save money for more important things like food and health insurance. Many people say this action is immoral— that it’s a type of theft. 

How might it be evaluated by a utilitarian?

·a.)

Hacking David’s internet is morally wrong because he might discover what’s happening and change the password, making it difficult to keep doing.

·b.)

Hacking David’s internet is morally wrong because it is a type of stealing, and stealing something someone else paid for is always wrong.

·c.)

Hacking David’s internet is morally right because it brings about happiness for his neighbors, who can’t afford it otherwise, without any harm to him.

·d.)

Hacking David’s internet is morally right because, as a wealthier member of the community, he owes it to less fortunate community members.

Which of the following represents act utilitarianism?

·a.)

Nora yells "Look out!" to a stranger who is about to get hit by a truck because she would do the same for anyone.

·b.)

Naomi refuses to steal, even when she would benefit greatly without getting caught.

·c.)

Neil sends his children to bed without supper because they need to learn to behave properly.

·d.)

Nathaniel helps his classmates study because he thinks it's a good thing to do.

Which of the following represents act utilitarianism?

·a.)

Leanne volunteers with her child's school because she believes parental involvement generally brings about good.

·b.)

Larry stops supporting a local charity because he doesn't agree with some of its work.

·c.)

Liz saves a drowning criminal because she would save anyone who is drowning.

·d.)

Liam doesn't even consider buying imported products because some countries have poor working conditions.

Which of the following represents rule utilitarianism?

·a.)

Martin decides not to form a band because his music is terrible and will not please anyone.

·b.)

Marie takes her son to the hospital after he gets injured playing with fire because she would do so for any injury.

·c.)

Minnie finds two lost children and helps them get home because their parents are rich and will reward her.

·d.)

Mortimer helps his neighbor find her lost dog because he knows how happy the dog makes her.

Which of the following pairs of goods are directly comparable according to hedonic utilitarianism?

·a.)

A sandwich and Thanksgiving dinner

·b.)

An adult's life and a child's life

·c.)

All of the answer choices are correct.

·d.)

An apple and an orange

Which of the following pairs of goods are probably different in kind according to idealist utilitarianism?

·a.)

A Ferrari and $10

·b.)

One human life and three human lives

·c.)

All of the answer choices are correct.

·d.)

A human life and a good movie

On which of the following statements would a hedonic utilitarian and an idealist utilitarian disagree?

·a.)

Only consequences matter to ethics.

·b.)

Some goods are better than others.

·c.)

Some goods are different in kind.

·d.)

Some goods are of the same kind.

Which of the following people would likely be satisfied with utilitarianism?

·a.)

Uma is looking for an ethical framework that gives scripture an important place.

·b.)

Ulysses is looking for an ethical framework that makes sure his needs are always met.

·c.)

Ursula is looking for an ethical framework that is based on empirically discoverable facts.

·d.)

Ubald is looking for an ethical framework that defines certain actions as always right or always wrong.

Which of the following people would likely be satisfied with utilitarianism?

·a.)

Veronica is looking for an ethical framework that respects local customs.

·b.)

Vivica is looking for an ethical theory that is relative and differs from group to group.

·c.)

Vincent is looking for an ethical framework that benefits the most people possible.

·d.)

Verne is looking for an ethical theory that says murder is always wrong.

Which of the following people would likely be satisfied with utilitarianism?

·a.)

Thomas is looking for an ethical framework that puts his own needs first.

·b.)

Trevor is looking for an ethical framework that considers the needs of others.

·c.)

Therese is looking for an ethical framework that comes with spiritual meaning.

·d.)

Trish is looking for an ethical framework that considers cultural norms

Richard is trying to decide whether or not to donate to a fund to save children in Africa from a recent famine. His friend suggests taking a utilitarian approach to the issue, so Richard makes a list of possible actions he could take.

Choose the statement from Richard’s list that reveals a possible problem with utilitarianism.

·a.)

If I don’t donate, I’m responsible for the death of a child.

·b.)

If I donate, I am contributing to the greater good.

·c.)

If I don’t donate, I can better serve my community by donating locally.

·d.)

If I donate, I am fulfilling a moral obligation to help others.

Rosemary has been asked to make a large donation to purchase mosquito netting to reduce the threat of malaria in Africa. Her husband suggests she take a utilitarian approach to the issue, so Rosemary makes a list of possible actions she could take.

Choose the action from Rosemary’s list that reveals a possible problem with utilitarianism.

·a.)

A donation for the netting would make a real difference in the world.

·b.)

I will be responsible for additional deaths from malaria if I do not donate.

·c.)

A donation to a local hospital would also be a generous thing to do.

·d.)

I am doing my part to help others if I donate money for the netting.

Ira has been asked to donate a large sum of money to fund a school for girls in a Middle Eastern country. His wife suggests he take a utilitarian approach to the issue, so Ira makes a list of possible actions he could take.

Choose the action from Ira’s list that reveals a possible problem with utilitarianism.

·a.)

I would feel responsible for denying girls an education if I do not donate the money.

·b.)

I have a moral obligation to help others.

·c.)

By funding the school, I will have a positive impact on the world as a whole.

·d.)

It might be a better idea to donate money to my local school district.

Which statement describes a disadvantage of utilitarianism?

·a.)

People have a natural tendency to show favoritism toward loved ones.

·b.)

Being concerned with the greater good is a democratic principle.

·c.)

A commitment to the happiness of everyone ensures greater happiness.

·d.)

Utilitarianism helps people to think carefully about the effects of their actions.

Which statement describes a disadvantage of utilitarianism?

·a.)

Decisions are not made quickly because decision-makers must consider who will be affected.

·b.)

Expressing concern toward a greater good is central to democracy.

·c.)

Utilitarianism encourages rational thought-out decisions, instead of easy emotional ones.

·d.)

Humans want happiness, so utilitarianism feels natural to our basic human functions.

Which statement describes an advantage of utilitarianism?

·a.)

It is good for people to consider the effects of their actions on others.

·b.)

It is human nature to make decisions that are in favor of those you love.

·c.)

We cannot predict the future, so determining exact consequences is difficult.

·d.)

We cannot make decisions quickly because we must consider who and what will be affected.

Challenge 2

The categorical imperative is a concept in Kantian deontology that fulfills the role of a(n) __________ that is binding for all people in all circumstances.

·a.)

moral law

·b.)

undeniable command

·c.)

ethical system

·d.)

positive action

Which statement about Kantian deontology is true?

·a.)

It is an objectivist theory because it is based on the utility principle, which applies to all people at all times.

·b.)

It is a relativist theory because it first takes the individual’s happiness into account.

·c.)

It is an objectivist theory because ethics is independent of circumstances and must be the same for everyone.

·d.)

It is a relativist theory because universal truths are relative to the individual or society.

Which statement about Kantian deontology is true?

·a.)

It is a relativist theory because it uses personal preference as the criterion for right and wrong.

·b.)

It is an objectivist theory because God's commands apply to everyone at all times.

·c.)

It is an objectivist theory because the moral law applies to everyone at all times.

·d.)

It is a relativist theory because it uses cultural preference as the criterion for right and wrong.

According to Kantian deontology, which of the following would make an act permissible?

·a.)

The outcome is good.

·b.)

My intention is good.

·c.)

The information I have is good.

·d.)

I do not get in trouble.

According to Kantian deontology, which of the following would make an act permissible?

·a.)

It doesn't violate the categorical imperative.

·b.)

It is legal, or at least not illegal.

·c.)

Its good consequences outweigh the negative ones.

·d.)

It best meets my own needs.

According to Kantian deontology, which of the following would make an act impermissible?

·a.)

It is forbidden by local custom or law.

·b.)

It is harmful to myself.

·c.)

It is considered sinful by sacred texts.

·d.)

It violates the categorical imperative.

When evaluating an act according to Kantian deontology, which do we evaluate?

·a.)

The imperative

·b.)

The maxim

·c.)

The act itself

·d.)

The consequences

What is meant by the formulation of universal law?

·a.)

Acting according to a maxim everyone can use

·b.)

Acting according to an action's objective morality

·c.)

Acting according to the categorical imperative

·d.)

Acting according to a maxim that respects everyone

The statement, "I will water my plant when it gets droopy in order to keep it healthy," is a(n) __________.

·a.)

categorical imperative

·b.)

formulation

·c.)

maxim

·d.)

universal law

Which of the following violates a person's humanity, according to Kant?

·a.)

Lying to someone

·b.)

Hitting someone

·c.)

Protecting someone from harm

·d.)

Trying to influence someone

Which of the following best summarizes the formulation of humanity?

·a.)

We must respect the humanity of others at all times.

·b.)

We must consider the effects of our actions on other people.

·c.)

We must act according to universally agreed upon ideals.

·d.)

We must not try to influence other people.

For Kant, what constitutes humanity?

·a.)

Emotions and feelings

·b.)

A person's biological species

·c.)

The legal status of "person"

·d.)

Faculties like reason and freedom

How would a Kantian deontologist evaluate lying?

·a.)

It is morally wrong because a person with good intentions cannot lie.

·b.)

It is morally right because it can have good effects.

·c.)

It is morally right when it is done to respect another's feelings.

·d.)

It is morally wrong because if everyone did it, nobody could be trusted anymore.

How would a Kantian deontologist evaluate murder?

·a.)

It is morally right when it is done with good intentions.

·b.)

It is morally wrong because it violates the victim's humanity.

·c.)

It is morally right when it puts a person out of his or her misery.

·d.)

It is morally wrong if the victim feels any pain.

How might a Kantian deontologist evaluate stealing?

·a.)

It is morally right if you can get away with it.

·b.)

It is morally wrong because if everyone stole, nobody could be trusted not to steal.

·c.)

It is morally right when it is done with good intentions.

·d.)

It is morally wrong because taking a person's property violates his or her humanity.

Which of the following people would likely be satisfied with Kantian deontology?

·a.)

Delilah is looking for an ethical framework that respects people's value.

·b.)

Dodd is looking for an ethical framework that is based on the law.

·c.)

Desiree is looking for an ethical framework that is relative.

·d.)

David is looking for an ethical framework that is based in divine revelation.

Which of the following people would likely be satisfied with Kantian deontology?

·a.)

Cord is looking for an ethical framework that considers an action's effects.

·b.)

Carrie is looking for an ethical framework that advances her own agenda.

·c.)

Candice is looking for an ethical framework that respects cultural norms.

·d.)

Carl is looking for an ethical framework that considers a person's intentions.

Which of the following people would likely be satisfied with Kantian deontology?

·a.)

Elijah is looking for an ethical framework that gives a basis for objective rules.

·b.)

Erika is looking for an ethical framework that considers an action's consequences.

·c.)

Eugene is looking for an ethical framework that allows him to get ahead by any means.

·d.)

Enya is looking for an ethical framework that can differ from culture to culture.

Which of the following represents a potential problem for Kantian deontology?

·a.)

Ignorance makes it easier to get away with bad actions.

·b.)

A good deed done with a bad intention is considered good.

·c.)

Too much weight is placed on local customs.

·d.)

Feelings form the basis for all ethics.

Which of the following represents a potential problem for Kantian deontology?

·a.)

Unintended effects have no impact on a person's moral character.

·b.)

No weight is given to a person's intentions.

·c.)

The same rules don't apply to everyone.

·d.)

People can sometimes be treated as objects.

Which of the following represents a potential problem for Kantian deontology?

·a.)

Intention doesn't have enough weight.

·b.)

People are allowed to be used as objects.

·c.)

Feelings have no place in ethical discussions.

·d.)

Different people have to follow different rules.

Frank's daughter Jenna is sick. They visit the hospital and the doctor says that if Jenna does not get a certain medicine, she will probably die. Unfortunately, Frank cannot afford the medicine. He notices recent improvements to the hospital and suspects it must be making a lot of money by raising the prices of medicines. On his way out, Frank notices an open drawer stuffed with vials full of the medicine Jenna needs. He does not see anyone around and knows he could take some of the medicine without anyone noticing. 

What would a Kantian deontologist say that Frank should do?

·a.)

Frank should take the medicine because humans act primarily out of their own self-interest, and what is good is relative to each individual.

·b.)

Frank should not take the medicine because stealing cannot hold up as universal law, regardless of the potentially good consequences.

·c.)

Frank should not take the medicine because he has not taken into consideration the possible positive and negative consequences of the action on others.

·d.)

Frank should take the medicine because it will increase happiness for some, and happiness is more important than the act of stealing.

A friend is staying at my house. I hear a knock at the door and open it to find a gang of armed men. They ask if my friend is in the house. I want to say no so they will go away, but I also want to say yes because that is the truth.

Does this situation present a problem for Kantian deontological ethics?

·a.)

Yes, because Kantian ethics states that right and wrong are determined by gathering all available information.

·b.)

No, because Kant claims an action is permissible if not performing that action leads to negative consequences.

·c.)

Yes, because Kantian ethics does not provide a clear way of handling conflicting moral duties.

·d.)

No, because Kant claims that self-interest should be t

Billy and Alex worked together on their high school research papers, even though their teacher told them not to. They did not help each other that much, so they are certain it was not a big deal. A few days after turning their papers in, the teacher held them both after class.

She said, “Billy, Alex, your papers were both very good, the best in the class. But because you had similar topics, I just wanted to make sure you did not collaborate. Did you?”

Billy thinks for a moment. If the teacher knew how little they helped each other, she probably would not mind. But if he tells the truth, that will not matter. 

What would a Kantian deontologist say that Billy and Alex should do?

·a.)

They should tell the teacher they worked together because there are no possible positive or negative consequences that could affect others.

·b.)

They should tell the teacher they worked together because even though lying is easiest and represents no negative consquences for the teacher, it cannot stand as a universal law.

·c.)

They should tell the teacher they worked alone because self-interest dictates they each protect their grades on the paper and in the class.

·d.)

They should tell the teacher they each worked alone because that will increase everyone’s happiness: Billy, Alex, and the teacher.

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