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PHI 2000 Introduction to Ethics Unit 4 Challenges Sophia Course
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Challenge 1
Which of the following best defines virtue-based ethics?
·a.)
An ethical theory that claims the proper moral purpose of one’s life is rational self-interest
·b.)
An ethical theory that states that an action is morally good if it is commanded by God
·c.)
An ethical theory that emphasizes moral character over principles
·d.)
An ethical theory that maintains that an action is good if it benefits others, and an action is bad if it harms others
Choose the true statement about virtue-based ethics.
·a.)
Actions are evaluated based on how the action is viewed by society, convention, or culture.
·b.)
Actions are evaluated based on how the action reveals the actor’s character.
·c.)
Actions are evaluated based solely on the actor’s intent.
·d.)
Actions are evaluated based on both positive and negative consequences of the action.
Which of the following best defines virtue-based ethics?
·a.)
A system of ethics that determines what is good for the greatest number of people
·b.)
A theory of ethics that asserts that actions reveal and reinforce personal characteristics
·c.)
A family of ethical theories that evaluates the value of actions by the actions themselves
·d.)
An ethical theory that maintains right and wrong are determined by self-interest
Kevin reads for 30 minutes every afternoon to improve his intellect.
How might a virtue-based ethicist classify this action?
·a.)
Supererogatory
·b.)
Obligatory
·c.)
Impermissible
·d.)
Neutral
Jean lies to her boss about not feeling well so she can stay home and watch her favorite shows.
How might a virtue-based ethicist classify this action?
·a.)
Obligatory
·b.)
Neutral
·c.)
Impermissible
·d.)
Supererogatory
Laura wears a lot of green because it nicely compliments her red hair.
How might a virtue-based ethicist classify this action?
·a.)
Obligatory
·b.)
Supererogatory
·c.)
Neutral
·d.)
Impermissible
Roger dashed into his burning house to retrieve some objects of sentimental value, and the doorway collapsed behind him. Firefighters were forced to follow and pull him from the inferno. Roger’s wife thanked her husband for his courage in entering the burning house, but the fire chief reprimanded him for putting firefighters in danger. He called Roger’s act reckless and foolish.
According to virtue-based ethics, Roger’s action is evaluated based on how it reveals character. It is difficult to determine how the action informs Roger's character.
Therefore, the action has __________ results.
·a.)
virtuous
·b.)
counter-intuitive
·c.)
intuitive
·d.)
ambiguous
PJ is student-teaching in an elementary school, and her roommate, Maya, is student-teaching at a different elementary school. At night in their apartment, they both work on lesson plans as well as their required college coursework. Maya is struggling with aligning standards to her lesson plans and asks PJ to help her understand the process. PJ wants to be more successful than Maya, so she lies and tells her roommate that she does not have time to help her.
According to virtue-based ethics, PJ’s refusal to help her roommate is evaluated based on how her action reveals character.
The refusal is considered impermissible because it demonstrates the cultivation of a(n) __________.
·a.)
advantage
·b.)
virtue
·c.)
vice
·d.)
disadvantage
Lucy overheard her parents talking about her beloved Uncle Paul and was shocked to learn that he had been arrested that day.
“What?” she shouted, betraying her secret listening spot beneath the dining room table. “What?”
Lucy’s mother frowned, but quickly reassured her daughter. “He was protesting the new oil pipeline outside of town, dear. Typical Paul. He’ll be fine.”
According to virtue-based ethics, Paul’s act of protest is evaluated based on how his action reveals __________ and is considered permissible because it demonstrates his commitment to protecting the Earth.
·a.)
morality
·b.)
ambiguity
·c.)
intent
·d.)
character
Which of the following people would be most satisfied with virtue-based ethics?
·a.)
Ryan is looking for an ethical system that focuses on what kind of a person he is.
·b.)
Rodney is looking for an ethical system that allows him to put his own needs first.
·c.)
Ruth is looking for an ethical system that is concerned with consequences of actions.
·d.)
Rachel is looking for an ethical system that considers cultural norms.
Which of the following people would be most satisfied with virtue-based ethics?
·a.)
Sadie is looking for an ethical system that focuses on being good, not just on doing good things.
·b.)
Sean is looking for an ethical system that is based on the effects of actions.
·c.)
Seth is looking for an ethical system that evaluates actions in and of themselves.
·d.)
Sandra is looking for an ethical system that is based in religious teachings.
Which of the following people would be most satisfied with virtue-based ethics?
·a.)
Topher is looking for an ethical system that is based on what an action brings about.
·b.)
Tianna is looking for an ethical framework that allows her to put her own needs first.
·c.)
Tammy is looking for an ethical system that is based in the inherent good or evil of an action.
·d.)
Trent is looking for an ethical system that is about cultivating the best version of himself.
Which of the following critiques represents a challenge to virtue-based ethics?
·a.)
Ignorance makes it easier to get away with bad actions.
·b.)
Unintended effects have too much impact on the agent's guilt.
·c.)
The same rules do not apply to everyone.
·d.)
There isn't a clear list of virtues.
Which of the following critiques represents a challenge to virtue-based ethics?
·a.)
It can be unclear how to develop certain virtues.
·b.)
Self improvement doesn't get emphasized enough.
·c.)
Too much emphasis is placed on the consequences of actions.
·d.)
It's unclear how to act when multiple cultures are present.
Which of the following critiques represents a challenge to virtue-based ethics?
·a.)
It can be tough to distinguish between feelings and virtues.
·b.)
It is far too subjective to be the common basis of morality.
·c.)
No emphasis is placed on the agent's moral character.
·d.)
It can be tough to know all the possible effects of an action.
A former candidate for public office is asked about a generous donation he had made to a local charity.
The candidate stated, “I made that donation when I was running for office last year because, you know, politicians are supposed to do that sort of thing. But to be honest, I would get that money back if I could.”
How might a virtue ethicist evaluate the politician’s action in donating the money?
·a.)
The donation revealed the candidate has the virtue of generosity.
·b.)
The donation did not reveal a positive or a negative personal characteristic.
·c.)
The donation revealed the candidate acted with the vice of insincerity.
·d.)
The donation revealed the candidate’s motivation to win the election.
Which action, while seemingly good, may reveal a vice rather than a virtue?
·a.)
Although he dislikes his uncle, Rick is polite to him when he comes for Thanksgiving dinner.
·b.)
Rosita agrees to a glass of wine with dinner, even though she does not usually drink.
·c.)
Maggie wears the same clothes and drives the same car as her sister because she envies her sister’s lifestyle.
·d.)
Carl put on headphones when a baby began crying on an overnight flight.
Which action, while seemingly good, may reveal a vice rather than a virtue?
·a.)
Margot gives a filthy stray dog a bath out of a sense of kindness.
·b.)
Brian really loves his mother’s cooking and overeats every time she cooks for him.
·c.)
Ellie wants to make her parents proud, so she works hard and earns a scholarship for college.
·d.)
Despite being frightened, Sam opens the door when the doorbell rings at 2:00 am.
Challenge 2
Consequentialism, deontology, and character ethics evaluate actions differently.
Select the basis for moral value used by character ethics.
·a.)
A rule or obligation
·b.)
A quality or trait
·c.)
A social convention
·d.)
The outcomes of actions
The ethical position that emphasizes an action as an expression of the type of person you are is __________.
·a.)
utilitarianism
·b.)
virtue-based ethics
·c.)
deontology
·d.)
consequentialism
Consequentialism, deontology, and character ethics evaluate actions differently.
Select the basis for moral value used by character ethics.
·a.)
Virtue-based ethics
·b.)
Egoism
·c.)
Utilitarianism
·d.)
Kantian ethics
Three people of differing ethical positions witness a child stealing candy from a store. One observer remarks, “What a greedy little kid!”
The speaker is most likely a __________.
·a.)
consequentialist
·b.)
deontologist
·c.)
conventionalist
·d.)
character ethicist
Choose the statement that exemplifies deonotology.
·a.)
Donating to charity is good because it shows a generous spirit.
·b.)
Donating to charity is good because it helps those in need.
·c.)
Donating to charity is good because it is a positive practice consistent with most religions.
·d.)
Donating to charity is good because we have an obligation to help the poor.
Choose the statement that exemplifies character ethics.
·a.)
Telling the truth is good because everyone should be honest.
·b.)
Telling the truth is good because people will believe an honest person.
·c.)
Telling the truth is good because one must always tell the truth.
·d.)
Telling the truth is good because society expects it.
"I don't give money to beggars because when I was young, my dad told me they're all drug addicts who just want my money for more drugs."
Which of the following sources of bias is apparent in this quotation?
·a.)
Unfamiliarity
·b.)
Self-interest
·c.)
Culture
·d.)
Upbringing
Select the statement that reveals familiarity as a source of bias in ethical evaluation.
·a.)
I tell my friends no one should ever drink and drive, but I drive home after drinking a beer at a barbecue.
·b.)
I always stop to visit with my 90-year-old neighbor because I was taught to respect my elders.
·c.)
I do not think anyone should get a tattoo because I come from a family that believes inking your skin is wrong.
·d.)
I think Middle Eastern women’s clothing is oppressive because it is so different from the Western clothing that I’m used to.
"I work security at a grocery store to prevent people from stealing food. Every now and then when the checkout lines are too long, I take a snack without paying for it."
Which of the following sources of bias is apparent in this quotation?
·a.)
Culture
·b.)
Familiarity
·c.)
Self-interest
·d.)
Upbringing
Which of the following statements displays the speaker's unfair bias?
·a.)
"I'm voting for Katie for student body president because she's friends with my older sister."
·b.)
"Vote for Katie for student body president because she has a lot of experience in student government."
·c.)
"Katie should be student body president because she cares deeply about every student's success."
·d.)
"I think Katie will make a good student body president because she knows how to get things done."
Which of the following statements displays the speaker's unfair bias?
·a.)
"I hired Walt to be the new VP of Learning because his experience speaks for itself."
·b.)
"I hired Walt to be the new VP of Learning because his values match the company's vision."
·c.)
"I hired Walt to be the new VP of Learning because he has excellent ideas for the future of our company."
·d.)
"I hired Walt to be the new VP of Learning because he and I belong to the same political party."
Which of the following statements displays the speaker's unfair bias?
·a.)
"I rejected an offer on my house because I was anticipating a higher offer from another buyer."
·b.)
"I rejected an offer on my house because the buyer's financing wasn't in order."
·c.)
"I rejected an offer on my house because the buyer made too low of an offer."
·d.)
"I rejected an offer on my house because the buyer had too many children."
Ainsley believes that every person should have to work hard to get ahead.
Which of the following actions is inconsistent with her belief?
·a.)
Ainsley hires employees who show a desire to work hard and be successful.
·b.)
Ainsley supports a charity that helps the poor find gainful employment.
·c.)
Ainsley comes in early, stays late, and does everything she can to make sure her job is done well.
·d.)
Ainsley leaves her children a large inheritance that they can live off of for the rest of their lives.
Bennet believes that every person should stick with what they start.
Which of the following actions is inconsistent with his belief?
·a.)
Bennet mowed his elderly neighbor's lawn every week until they moved into assisted living.
·b.)
Bennet doesn't let his children quit sports midway through the season.
·c.)
Bennet quits piano lessons because his skill isn't improving fast enough.
·d.)
Bennet always finishes every book he starts before starting a new one.
Carlie believes that every person should demonstrate courage when given the opportunity.
Which of the following actions is inconsistent with her belief?
·a.)
Carlie refuses to take on a morally questionable assignment, even though she might lose her job for doing so.
·b.)
Carlie participates in an intervention for her friend, who refuses to acknowledge his drinking problem.
·c.)
Carlie starts going to events in her new city because she doesn't know anyone yet and wants to make new friends.
·d.)
Carlie takes the long way to the bathroom because she is intimidated by her boss, whose office is along the short way.
Challenge 2
Consequentialism, deontology, and character ethics evaluate actions differently.
Select the basis for moral value used by character ethics.
·a.)
A rule or obligation
·b.)
A quality or trait
·c.)
A social convention
·d.)
The outcomes of actions
The ethical position that emphasizes an action as an expression of the type of person you are is __________.
·a.)
utilitarianism
·b.)
virtue-based ethics
·c.)
deontology
·d.)
consequentialism
Consequentialism, deontology, and character ethics evaluate actions differently.
Select the basis for moral value used by character ethics.
·a.)
Virtue-based ethics
·b.)
Egoism
·c.)
Utilitarianism
·d.)
Kantian ethics
Three people of differing ethical positions witness a child stealing candy from a store. One observer remarks, “What a greedy little kid!”
The speaker is most likely a __________.
·a.)
consequentialist
·b.)
deontologist
·c.)
conventionalist
·d.)
character ethicist
Choose the statement that exemplifies deonotology.
·a.)
Donating to charity is good because it shows a generous spirit.
·b.)
Donating to charity is good because it helps those in need.
·c.)
Donating to charity is good because it is a positive practice consistent with most religions.
·d.)
Donating to charity is good because we have an obligation to help the poor.
Choose the statement that exemplifies character ethics.
·a.)
Telling the truth is good because everyone should be honest.
·b.)
Telling the truth is good because people will believe an honest person.
·c.)
Telling the truth is good because one must always tell the truth.
·d.)
Telling the truth is good because society expects it.
"I don't give money to beggars because when I was young, my dad told me they're all drug addicts who just want my money for more drugs."
Which of the following sources of bias is apparent in this quotation?
·a.)
Unfamiliarity
·b.)
Self-interest
·c.)
Culture
·d.)
Upbringing
Select the statement that reveals familiarity as a source of bias in ethical evaluation.
·a.)
I tell my friends no one should ever drink and drive, but I drive home after drinking a beer at a barbecue.
·b.)
I always stop to visit with my 90-year-old neighbor because I was taught to respect my elders.
·c.)
I do not think anyone should get a tattoo because I come from a family that believes inking your skin is wrong.
·d.)
I think Middle Eastern women’s clothing is oppressive because it is so different from the Western clothing that I’m used to.
"I work security at a grocery store to prevent people from stealing food. Every now and then when the checkout lines are too long, I take a snack without paying for it."
Which of the following sources of bias is apparent in this quotation?
·a.)
Culture
·b.)
Familiarity
·c.)
Self-interest
·d.)
Upbringing
Which of the following statements displays the speaker's unfair bias?
·a.)
"I'm voting for Katie for student body president because she's friends with my older sister."
·b.)
"Vote for Katie for student body president because she has a lot of experience in student government."
·c.)
"Katie should be student body president because she cares deeply about every student's success."
·d.)
"I think Katie will make a good student body president because she knows how to get things done."
Which of the following statements displays the speaker's unfair bias?
·a.)
"I hired Walt to be the new VP of Learning because his experience speaks for itself."
·b.)
"I hired Walt to be the new VP of Learning because his values match the company's vision."
·c.)
"I hired Walt to be the new VP of Learning because he has excellent ideas for the future of our company."
·d.)
"I hired Walt to be the new VP of Learning because he and I belong to the same political party."
Which of the following statements displays the speaker's unfair bias?
·a.)
"I rejected an offer on my house because I was anticipating a higher offer from another buyer."
·b.)
"I rejected an offer on my house because the buyer's financing wasn't in order."
·c.)
"I rejected an offer on my house because the buyer made too low of an offer."
·d.)
"I rejected an offer on my house because the buyer had too many children."
Ainsley believes that every person should have to work hard to get ahead.
Which of the following actions is inconsistent with her belief?
·a.)
Ainsley hires employees who show a desire to work hard and be successful.
·b.)
Ainsley supports a charity that helps the poor find gainful employment.
·c.)
Ainsley comes in early, stays late, and does everything she can to make sure her job is done well.
·d.)
Ainsley leaves her children a large inheritance that they can live off of for the rest of their lives.
Bennet believes that every person should stick with what they start.
Which of the following actions is inconsistent with his belief?
·a.)
Bennet mowed his elderly neighbor's lawn every week until they moved into assisted living.
·b.)
Bennet doesn't let his children quit sports midway through the season.
·c.)
Bennet quits piano lessons because his skill isn't improving fast enough.
·d.)
Bennet always finishes every book he starts before starting a new one.
Carlie believes that every person should demonstrate courage when given the opportunity.
Which of the following actions is inconsistent with her belief?
·a.)
Carlie refuses to take on a morally questionable assignment, even though she might lose her job for doing so.
·b.)
Carlie participates in an intervention for her friend, who refuses to acknowledge his drinking problem.
·c.)
Carlie starts going to events in her new city because she doesn't know anyone yet and wants to make new friends.
·d.)
Carlie takes the long way to the bathroom because she is intimidated by her boss, whose office is along the short way.
Challenge 3
"Capital punishment is morally wrong because it makes me feel uneasy."
To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing?
·a.)
Kantian deontology
·b.)
Virtue-based ethics
·c.)
Egoism
·d.)
Conventionalism
"Capital punishment is morally acceptable because a recent study found that 54% of Americans are in favor of it."
To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing?
·a.)
Utilitarianism
·b.)
Conventionalism
·c.)
Egoism
·d.)
Kantian deontology
"Capital punishment is morally acceptable, because the Torah says certain crimes are to be punished with execution."
To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing?
·a.)
Divine command theory
·b.)
Utilitarianism
·c.)
Kantian deontology
·d.)
Virtue-based ethics
"Abortion is morally wrong because it demonstrates a lack of responsibility."
To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing?
·a.)
Virtue-based ethics
·b.)
Kantian deontology
·c.)
Egoism
·d.)
Utilitarianism
"Abortion is morally wrong, since it is a violation of the fetus' humanity."
To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing?
·a.)
Divine command theory
·b.)
Virtue-based ethics
·c.)
Kantian deontology
·d.)
Egoism
"It would have been morally acceptable for Hitler's mother to have an abortion, since Hitler was responsible for countless deaths."
To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing?
·a.)
Utilitarianism
·b.)
Conventionalism
·c.)
Virtue-based ethics
·d.)
Kantian deontology
"Charity is not obligatory in societies that value self-reliance."
To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing?
·a.)
Utilitarianism
·b.)
Egoism
·c.)
Conventionalism
·d.)
Virtue-based ethics
"I earned my money; the beggars on the street did not."
To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing?
·a.)
Egoism
·b.)
Utilitarianism
·c.)
Conventionalism
·d.)
Kantian deontology
"The accumulation of wealth is morally wrong because Jesus said, 'Woe to you that are rich' in Luke 6:24."
To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing?
·a.)
Virtue-based ethics
·b.)
Kantian deontology
·c.)
Divine command theory
·d.)
Utilitarianism
"Eating meat is morally acceptable if a person is comfortable with it and likes the taste."
To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing?
·a.)
Utilitarianism
·b.)
Virtue-based ethics
·c.)
Egoism
·d.)
Conventionalism
"It is morally wrong to refrain from eating meat because humans are meant to, as evidenced by our teeth and digestive system."
To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing?
·a.)
Virtue-based ethics
·b.)
Egoism
·c.)
Kantian deontology
·d.)
Divine command theory
"Farming and killing animals is morally acceptable since meat, milk, and other animal products help human society flourish."
To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing?
·a.)
Egoism
·b.)
Utilitarianism
·c.)
Kantian deontology
·d.)
Virtue-based ethics