SmartExpert
$30/per page/Negotiable
PHI 2000 Introduction to Ethics Unit 2 Milestone Sophia Course
Click below Link for Answers
1
Which of the following examples contains a disagreement between popular thought and divine command theory?
God says to support the poor, so there are a lot of religious charities.
God forbids wearing mixed fibers, but most people aren't concerned with what their clothes are made of.
God commands people to be generous, so I give 10% of my paycheck to an organization that helps at-risk youth in my community.
God says to love him above all else, a fact of which my mother often reminds me.
CONCEPT
Applying Divine Command Theory
2
Which of the following statements supports egoism?
A society is more just if it distributes rewards to everyone equally.
All actions should be aimed at the greater good of society.
Self-determined ethics are more successful than ethics dictated by others.
Working to meet the demands of the larger society can lead to prosperity.
CONCEPT
Support for Egoism
3
Which of the following statements about divine command theory is true?
·
Divine command theory states that the intention justifies the action.
·
Divine command theory states that if God says nothing about an action, that action is forbidden.
·
Divine command theory is just another name for religion.
·
Divine command theory states that God's commands are universal ethical truths.
CONCEPT
Divine Command Theory
4
Which of the following represents a challenge to divine command theory?
·
Divine command theory is too relative.
·
Divine command theory doesn't give a compelling reason for being good.
·
Divine command theory does not offer a firm basis for morality.
·
Divine command theory relies on sacred texts that are silent on some issues.
CONCEPT
Refutations of Divine Command Theory
5
Stefan is from Spain and is visiting Denmark. He finds himself very popular among native Danes because they like his casual and relaxed nature. When Stefan is invited to a local family’s home for dinner, he arrives late and is surprised that his hosts have seemingly taken offense.
“This is how we do it in Spain,” he explained with a smile. “Dinner times are approximate and we arrive when we can.”
“That is not how we do it in Denmark,” replied his host, rather stiffly.
According to conventionalism, who has the stronger ethical stance— Stefan or his host?
·
Stefan, because his casual nature is why the Danes like him.
·
The host, because society functions best when individuals are punctual.
·
The host, because in Denmark, everyone is expected to arrive on time.
·
Stefan, because by Spanish standards, he had arrived early.
CONCEPT
Applying Conventionalism
6
The idea that people ought to act only in their own self interest is part of what kind of egoism?
·
Philosophical egoism
·
Ethical egoism
·
Psychological egoism
·
Logical egoism
CONCEPT
Egoism
7
Which of the following represents a difficulty with egoism?
·
Because good is determined by self-interest, the egoist cannot judge the actions of others.
·
Cooperating with others is a social skill that egoists do not have an opportunity to learn.
·
Socially determined actions are usually more successful than self-determined actions.
·
Individuals pursuing personal excellence often help a society to progress.
CONCEPT
Problems with Egoism
8
Which of the following statements would you expect to hear from a conventionalist?
·
"Conventionalism is a loose term that applies to many individual theories."
·
"Conventionalism is rooted in the idea that all cultures strive toward the same good."
·
"Conventionalists profess belief in objective morality."
·
"Conventionalism provides a framework for comparing diverse cultures."
CONCEPT
Conventionalism
9
Which of the following people would most likely be satisfied with conventionalism?
·
Martin is looking for an ethical framework that says, "You do you."
·
Malie is looking for an ethical framework that says, "Greed is good."
·
Mara is looking for an ethical framework that can account for changing cultural attitudes.
·
Meriwether is looking for an ethical framework that values the world culture over local groups.
CONCEPT
Support for Conventionalism
10
Most people in Dave's culture volunteer an hour every other week at a local food shelf. In addition to this, Dave also helps coordinate volunteers and fills in for people who can't make their hour.
What would a conventionalist call Dave's actions?
·
Impermissible
·
Supererogatory
·
Neutral
·
Obligatory
CONCEPT
Commitments of Conventionalism
11
Which of the following scenarios would be neutral for an egoist?
·
Lamar lies about having done his homework so that he won't get in trouble with his parents.
·
Luna joins the armed forces so she can give something back to her nation and guarantee a future for her society.
·
Larry refuses to participate in his neighborhood watch because it takes too much of his time and energy.
·
Leah has a hard time deciding between the University of Minnesota and Notre Dame, but she picks Notre Dame in the end.
CONCEPT
Commitments of Egoism
12
Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument?
·
A lot of cultures agree that murder, stealing, and lying are wrong.
·
Each culture thinks its own moral framework is universal.
·
Some cultures are utilitarian, while others are egoist.
·
Many cultures disagree on the ultimate purpose of morality.
CONCEPT
Problems with Conventionalism
13
Which of the following statements in support of divine command theory is true?
·
Divine command theory cannot provide clear motivations for being moral.
·
Divine command theory does not provide a clear basis for ethics.
·
Divine command theory can be a source of comfort.
·
The ultimate basis for divine command theory ethics can be found in the empirical world.
CONCEPT
Support for Divine Command Theory
14
According to an egoist, working hard to succeed in order to take care of oneself and one’s needs is good because __________.
·
societal standards demand it
·
hard work is valued by all
·
individual flourishing is the sole basis for ethics
·
it sets a positive example for others
CONCEPT
Applying Egoism
15
After moving to a new city, Rachel continues to support her hometown's baseball team. A friend tells her she has to support her new city's team, but Rachel points out that God hasn't said anything on the matter.
In Rachel's view, her action is __________ according to divine command theory.
·
obligatory
·
impermissible
·
supererogatory
·
neutral
CONCEPT
Commitments of Divine Command Theory
1
Which of the following statements supports egoism?
·
Working to meet the demands of the larger society can lead to prosperity.
·
A society is more just if it distributes rewards to everyone equally.
·
All actions should be aimed at the greater good of society.
·
Self-determined ethics are more successful than ethics dictated by others.
CONCEPT
Support for Egoism
2
The idea that people ought to act only in their own self interest is part of what kind of egoism?
·
Psychological egoism
·
Ethical egoism
·
Philosophical egoism
·
Logical egoism
CONCEPT
Egoism
3
Stefan is from Spain and is visiting Denmark. He finds himself very popular among native Danes because they like his casual and relaxed nature. When Stefan is invited to a local family’s home for dinner, he arrives late and is surprised that his hosts have seemingly taken offense.
“This is how we do it in Spain,” he explained with a smile. “Dinner times are approximate and we arrive when we can.”
“That is not how we do it in Denmark,” replied his host, rather stiffly.
According to conventionalism, who has the stronger ethical stance— Stefan or his host?
·
Stefan, because by Spanish standards, he had arrived early.
·
Stefan, because his casual nature is why the Danes like him.
·
The host, because society functions best when individuals are punctual.
·
The host, because in Denmark, everyone is expected to arrive on time.
CONCEPT
Applying Conventionalism
4
Which of the following statements would you expect to hear from a conventionalist?
·
"Conventionalism is rooted in the idea that all cultures strive toward the same good."
·
"Conventionalists profess belief in objective morality."
·
"Conventionalism is a loose term that applies to many individual theories."
·
"Conventionalism provides a framework for comparing diverse cultures."
CONCEPT
Conventionalism
5
Which of the following people would most likely be satisfied with conventionalism?
·
Meriwether is looking for an ethical framework that values the world culture over local groups.
·
Mara is looking for an ethical framework that can account for changing cultural attitudes.
·
Malie is looking for an ethical framework that says, "Greed is good."
·
Martin is looking for an ethical framework that says, "You do you."
CONCEPT
Support for Conventionalism
6
Which of the following represents a difficulty with egoism?
·
Egoism does not allow the egoist to evaluate others based on his or her perspective.
·
Socially determined actions are usually more successful than self-determined actions.
·
Egoism is a core part of human nature, so denying it is denying someone's humanity.
·
Egoism maximizes each individual's pleasure, which is something everyone wants.
CONCEPT
Problems with Egoism
7
Quentin's faith teaches that God commands everyone to give at least ten percent of their income to the poor. Quentin usually gives fifteen percent.
According to divine command theory, Quentin's action is __________.
·
obligatory
·
neutral
·
supererogatory
·
impermissible
CONCEPT
Commitments of Divine Command Theory
8
Which of the following represents a challenge to the intellectualist option of divine command theory?
·
The intellectualist option states that ethics are not outside or above God, but ethics must be interpreted by God.
·
“God makes commands because they are good” implies that something beyond God’s free command makes things good.
·
The intellectualist option places a false dichotomy between ethics and religion, thereby saying God has no ethical authority.
·
The intellectualist option is subjective, whereas divine command theory is supposed to be objective.
CONCEPT
Refutations of Divine Command Theory
9
Which of the following statements in support of divine command theory is true?
·
Divine command theory does not provide a clear basis for ethics.
·
The ultimate basis for divine command theory ethics can be found in the empirical world.
·
Divine command theory cannot provide clear motivations for being moral.
·
Divine command theory can be a source of comfort.
CONCEPT
Support for Divine Command Theory
10
Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument?
·
If there were no universal ethical truths, it wouldn't be possible for cultures to have moral values at all.
·
Just because there is an objective truth doesn't mean everyone automatically knows it.
·
No culture has ever willingly assimilated to another culture's beliefs and norms.
·
Some cultures subscribe to ethical frameworks like divine command theory rather than conventionalism.
CONCEPT
Problems with Conventionalism
11
Which of the following statements about divine command theory is true?
·
Divine command theory states that right is right only because God says so.
·
Divine command theory states that what is religious is inherently good and what isn't is bad.
·
Divine command theory is a basic principle of all religions.
·
Divine command theory states that the ends justify the means.
CONCEPT
Divine Command Theory
12
According to an egoist, working hard to succeed in order to take care of oneself and one’s needs is good because __________.
·
it sets a positive example for others
·
societal standards demand it
·
hard work is valued by all
·
individual flourishing is the sole basis for ethics
CONCEPT
Applying Egoism
13
Which of the following scenarios would be impermissible for an egoist?
·
Keith gives up the comfort of home to realize his dream of playing in the NBA.
·
Katie picks up litter on the street because she wants to live in a clean neighborhood.
·
Krysta has some time to kill, so she sits in the mall and watches people go by.
·
Kevin works late, even though he doesn't get paid and has nothing to gain from it.
CONCEPT
Commitments of Egoism
14
Which of the following examples contains a disagreement between popular thought and divine command theory?
·
God says to keep the Sabbath holy, so many people don't have to work on the weekend.
·
God says, "Woe to those who are rich," but many people strive for wealth.
·
God forbids the worship of idols, so I only worship him.
·
God forbids divorce, so my wife and I didn't make a prenuptial agreement.
CONCEPT
Applying Divine Command Theory
15
Erika, like most people in her culture, grows flowers in her yard.
What would a conventionalist call Erika's action?
·
Supererogatory
·
Neutral
·
Impermissible
·
Obligatory
CONCEPT
Commitments of Conventionalism
1
Which of the following statements would you expect to hear from a conventionalist?
·
"Conventionalism is rooted in the idea that all cultures strive toward the same good."
·
"Conventionalism is a loose term that applies to many individual theories."
·
"Conventionalists profess belief in objective morality."
·
"Conventionalism provides a framework for comparing diverse cultures."
CONCEPT
Conventionalism
2
Why is egoism considered a relativist theory of ethics?
·
Because right and wrong are subject to the individual agent.
·
Because it maintains that what is good applies to everyone equally.
·
Because it maintains that there are universal truths most people agree on.
·
Because it maintains that humans are not inherently selfish.
CONCEPT
Egoism
3
Which of the following represents a challenge to divine command theory?
·
Divine command theory relies on sacred texts that are silent on some issues.
·
Divine command theory does not offer a firm basis for morality.
·
Divine command theory is too relative.
·
Divine command theory doesn't give a compelling reason for being good.
CONCEPT
Refutations of Divine Command Theory
4
Quentin's faith teaches that God commands everyone to give at least ten percent of their income to the poor. Quentin usually gives fifteen percent.
According to divine command theory, Quentin's action is __________.
·
obligatory
·
supererogatory
·
neutral
·
impermissible
CONCEPT
Commitments of Divine Command Theory
5
Which of the following examples contains a disagreement between popular thought and divine command theory?
·
God says to love him above all else, a fact of which my mother often reminds me.
·
God forbids wearing mixed fibers, but most people aren't concerned with what their clothes are made of.
·
God commands people to be generous, so I give 10% of my paycheck to an organization that helps at-risk youth in my community.
·
God says to support the poor, so there are a lot of religious charities.
CONCEPT
Applying Divine Command Theory
6
Mai has moved to the United States from Myanmar. She does not know how to drive and is frightened by the freeways and traffic congestion. Her husband insists that she learn to drive because they live in a suburb with no public transportation.
“No,” says Mai firmly. “I am 38 years old and I have always been able to reach my destination without driving a car.”
According to conventionalism, who has the stronger ethical stance— Mai or her husband?
·
Mai, because she does not want to learn to drive.
·
Her husband, because he cannot transport Mai everywhere she needs to go.
·
Her husband, because driving is a societal norm in the United States.
·
Mai, because driving is not valued in her society like it is in the United States.
CONCEPT
Applying Conventionalism
7
Which of the following scenarios would be neutral for an egoist?
·
Lamar lies about having done his homework so that he won't get in trouble with his parents.
·
Leah has a hard time deciding between the University of Minnesota and Notre Dame, but she picks Notre Dame in the end.
·
Luna joins the armed forces so she can give something back to her nation and guarantee a future for her society.
·
Larry refuses to participate in his neighborhood watch because it takes too much of his time and energy.
CONCEPT
Commitments of Egoism
8
Which of the following represents a difficulty with egoism?
·
Egoism does not account for the agent's pain.
·
Egoism promotes the common good by putting individuals first.
·
Egoism does not allow for inherent human dignity.
·
Egoism is focused on positive effects for the agent.
CONCEPT
Problems with Egoism
9
Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument?
·
Each culture thinks its own moral framework is universal.
·
A lot of cultures agree that murder, stealing, and lying are wrong.
·
Some cultures are utilitarian, while others are egoist.
·
Many cultures disagree on the ultimate purpose of morality.
CONCEPT
Problems with Conventionalism
10
Which of the following statements about divine command theory is true?
·
Divine command theory states that right is right only because God says so.
·
Divine command theory states that the ends justify the means.
·
Divine command theory is a basic principle of all religions.
·
Divine command theory states that what is religious is inherently good and what isn't is bad.
CONCEPT
Divine Command Theory
11
According to egoism, what might an egoist consider when faced with the issue of world hunger?
·
Governments of poor nations are obligated to feed their citizens.
·
We are obligated to do a better job distributing food.
·
We all have an obligation to ensure all people have access to food.
·
Individuals are obligated to feed themselves.
CONCEPT
Applying Egoism
12
Which of the following people would most likely be satisfied with conventionalism?
·
Karin is looking for an ethical framework that has a basis outside of humanity.
·
Keith is looking for an ethical framework that focuses on his own character.
·
Kelly is looking for an ethical framework that respects diverse traditions.
·
Kayden is looking for an ethical framework that says, "Right is right, even if nobody is right."
CONCEPT
Support for Conventionalism
13
Which of the following statements supports egoism?
·
A society is more just if it enforces laws for the benefit of everyone.
·
A flourishing society requires flourishing individuals.
·
The rule of law motivates actions for individuals.
·
Ethical standards are easily upheld when they benefit others.
CONCEPT
Support for Egoism
14
Which of the following statements in support of divine command theory is true?
·
Divine command theory can be a source of comfort.
·
Divine command theory cannot provide clear motivations for being moral.
·
Divine command theory does not provide a clear basis for ethics.
·
The ultimate basis for divine command theory ethics can be found in the empirical world.
CONCEPT
Support for Divine Command Theory
15
Most people in Dave's culture volunteer an hour every other week at a local food shelf. In addition to this, Dave also helps coordinate volunteers and fills in for people who can't make their hour.
What would a conventionalist call Dave's actions?
·
Supererogatory
·
Obligatory
·
Impermissible
·
Neutral
CONCEPT
Commitments of Conventionalism
1
Which of the following scenarios would be neutral for an egoist?
·
Leah has a hard time deciding between the University of Minnesota and Notre Dame, but she picks Notre Dame in the end.
·
Lamar lies about having done his homework so that he won't get in trouble with his parents.
·
Larry refuses to participate in his neighborhood watch because it takes too much of his time and energy.
·
Luna joins the armed forces so she can give something back to her nation and guarantee a future for her society.
CONCEPT
Commitments of Egoism
2
Sadie goes into work on the Sabbath, despite God's commandment against doing so.
According to divine command theory, Sadie's action is __________.
·
neutral
·
obligatory
·
impermissible
·
supererogatory
CONCEPT
Commitments of Divine Command Theory
3
Which of the following represents a difficulty with egoism?
·
Egoism does not account for the agent's pain.
·
Egoism promotes the common good by putting individuals first.
·
Egoism does not allow for inherent human dignity.
·
Egoism is focused on positive effects for the agent.
CONCEPT
Problems with Egoism
4
Which of the following statements in support of divine command theory is true?
·
Divine command theory does not tend to fulfill people’s emotional needs.
·
Divine command theory cannot provide clear motivations for being moral.
·
Divine command theory is reflective in that reason plays a role in determining right and wrong.
·
Divine command theory helps make sense of humanity's place in the world.
CONCEPT
Support for Divine Command Theory
5
Which of the following examples contains a disagreement between popular thought and divine command theory?
·
God forbids wearing mixed fibers, but most people aren't concerned with what their clothes are made of.
·
God says to love him above all else, a fact of which my mother often reminds me.
·
God commands people to be generous, so I give 10% of my paycheck to an organization that helps at-risk youth in my community.
·
God says to support the poor, so there are a lot of religious charities.
CONCEPT
Applying Divine Command Theory
6
Which of the following statements about divine command theory is true?
·
Divine command theory states that God's command is the only way to know right from wrong.
·
Divine command theory states that good and evil are determined by the conventions of each particular religion.
·
Divine command theory is inherently relativist.
·
Divine command theory is central to all religious practice.
CONCEPT
Divine Command Theory
7
Which of the following people would most likely be satisfied with conventionalism?
·
Karin is looking for an ethical framework that has a basis outside of humanity.
·
Kelly is looking for an ethical framework that respects diverse traditions.
·
Keith is looking for an ethical framework that focuses on his own character.
·
Kayden is looking for an ethical framework that says, "Right is right, even if nobody is right."
CONCEPT
Support for Conventionalism
8
Which of the following statements supports egoism?
·
Advancing the greater good over self-interest creates progress.
·
Rewarding all athletic participants equally leads to more competitive play.
·
The rule of law motivates actions for individuals.
·
Individual entrepreneurs often benefit society.
CONCEPT
Support for Egoism
9
Which of the following represents a challenge to the voluntarist option of divine command theory?
·
God's commands can anticipate any situation.
·
God's commands are not meant for everyone.
·
God's commands have no basis in reason.
·
God has no free choice and is thus just an agent.
CONCEPT
Refutations of Divine Command Theory
10
Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument?
·
Morality is objective, so there are universal ethical truths.
·
No two cultures have the same ethical framework.
·
Even if two cultures disagree, there can still be a right answer.
·
Some cultures are descended from common ancestors.
CONCEPT
Problems with Conventionalism
11
Why is egoism unique among ethical theories?
·
It is the only theory to acknowledge conflicting interests as harmful to a system of ethics.
·
It is the only theory to explain the way things ought to be in regards to what is right and wrong.
·
It is the only theory to maintain that there are no universal truths regarding what is good.
·
It is the only theory to equate what is good to what is performed in the name of self-interest.
CONCEPT
Egoism
12
Mai has moved to the United States from Myanmar. She does not know how to drive and is frightened by the freeways and traffic congestion. Her husband insists that she learn to drive because they live in a suburb with no public transportation.
“No,” says Mai firmly. “I am 38 years old and I have always been able to reach my destination without driving a car.”
According to conventionalism, who has the stronger ethical stance— Mai or her husband?
·
Mai, because she does not want to learn to drive.
·
Her husband, because he cannot transport Mai everywhere she needs to go.
·
Mai, because driving is not valued in her society like it is in the United States.
·
Her husband, because driving is a societal norm in the United States.
CONCEPT
Applying Conventionalism
13
Which of the following statements would you expect to hear from a conventionalist?
·
"Cultures don't differ much in what they call good."
·
"Some things are always wrong no matter the culture."
·
"Some cultures are closer to the objective truth than others."
·
"There are no moral truths that apply universally."
CONCEPT
Conventionalism
14
Most people in Dave's culture volunteer an hour every other week at a local food shelf. In addition to this, Dave also helps coordinate volunteers and fills in for people who can't make their hour.
What would a conventionalist call Dave's actions?
·
Obligatory
·
Impermissible
·
Supererogatory
·
Neutral
CONCEPT
Commitments of Conventionalism
15
According to egoism, what might an egoist consider when faced with the issue of world hunger?
·
We are obligated to do a better job distributing food.
·
We all have an obligation to ensure all people have access to food.
·
Governments of poor nations are obligated to feed their citizens.
·
Individuals are obligated to feed themselves.
CONCEPT
Applying Egoism
Mai has moved to the United States from Myanmar. She does not know how to drive and is frightened by the freeways and traffic congestion. Her husband insists that she learn to drive because they live in a suburb with no public transportation.
“No,” says Mai firmly. “I am 38 years old and I have always been able to reach my destination without driving a car.”
According to conventionalism, who has the stronger ethical stance— Mai or her husband?
·
Her husband, because he cannot transport Mai everywhere she needs to go.
·
Mai, because she does not want to learn to drive.
·
Mai, because driving is not valued in her society like it is in the United States.
·
Her husband, because driving is a societal norm in the United States.
Frances, like most people in her culture, avoids making eye contact with strangers.
What would a conventionalist call the action of making eye contact with strangers?
·
Impermissible
·
Neutral
·
Supererogatory
·
Obligatory
Which of the following statements would you expect to hear from a conventionalist?
·
"The most important culture is the world's culture."
·
"The effects of an action on the culture determine its morality."
·
"Morality cannot be compared across cultural borders."
·
"A culture's customs are unrelated to ethical truths."
According to egoism, what might an egoist think about when compelled to serve on a jury?
·
It is a fair system when a panel of ordinary citizens are obligated to pass judgment.
·
I have an important project at work I am obligated to complete this week.
·
The criminal justice system is obligated to work for all people.
·
We are obligated to honor the Constitution and its directive that everyone has a right to face a jury.
Which of the following scenarios would be obligatory for an egoist?
·
Madison brings a wallet she found on the ground to the police station rather than keeping it for herself.
·
Michelle lets her husband decide what to eat since she's fine either way.
·
Malachi sees an opportunity to cheat and get ahead at work, so he takes it.
·
Rather than take his dream vacation, Milo serves as a foster parent so children can have a stable home.
Which of the following people would most likely be satisfied with conventionalism?
·
Lee is looking for an ethical framework that requires newcomers to assimilate.
·
·
Laura is looking for an ethical framework that uses consequences to justify actions.
·
·
Levi is looking for an ethical framework that judges actions based on the kind of people who do them.
Lucy is looking for an ethical framework that provides a sense of final justice.
Michelle is visiting a Muslim country. She doesn't know what to expect because she knows that some Muslim societies expect women to wear a head-scarf when they are outdoors. When she gets off of the airplane, Michelle immediately notices that all the women in the airport are wearing head-scarves.
According to conventionalism, which action would be most appropriate for Michelle to take?
Buy a head scarf and keep it in her purse in case someone tells her to put it on.
Let her hair show because she isn’t Muslim.
Buy a head-scarf and put it on.
Tie her hair back and put on a baseball cap.