Introduction to Sociology Unit 1 Sociology Challenges

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Unit no # 1      sociological

                                                  Challenge no # 1

Tanya is a grad student who is researching how newly-rich Chinese consumers have increased importation and consumption of American products. 

 

Tanya's research focuses on connections between a particular society and the larger world, and thus encourages readers to consider __________.

·a.)

the global perspective

·b.)

the daily patterns of human life

·c.)

the sociological imagination

·d.)

the sociological perspective

Which of the following is the correct pairing?

·a.)

Sociology

The scientific study of society and the behavior of people in groups

·b.)

Sociology

The scientific study of cause and effect

·c.)

Global perspective

The idea that individual societies are not related to one another on a global level

·d.)

Sociological perspective

A look at how an individual society operates within a global system

 

Which of the following is a benefit of the global perspective?

·a.)

It demonstrates social norms within a culture.

·b.)

It helps people appreciate diversity.

·c.)

It clarifies social roles within a culture.

Which of the following is the correct pairing?

·a.)

Positivism

Knowledge derived from empirical observation through the senses

·b.)

Positivism

Knowledge derived from spiritual reflection

·c.)

Positivism

Empirical knowledge derived from understanding God's plan

·d.)

Positivism

Knowledge derived from society

According to Comte, in which stage of society did people primarily understand and explain things in spiritual and mystical ways?

·a.)

Metaphysical stage

·b.)

Theological stage

·c.)

Positivist stage

·d.)

Scientific stage

Select the true statement about Auguste Comte.

·a.)

Comte believed that society is bound by rules and laws, AND he is widely considered to be the father of sociology.

·b.)

Comte is widely considered to be the father of sociology.

·c.)

Comte invented the scientific process.

·d.)

Comte believed that society is bound by rules and laws.

Which of the following newspaper headlines reflects the sociological imagination?

·a.)

Giant U.S. automotive corporation closes U.S. factories— thousands laid off as jobs go to Mexico

·b.)

All of the answer choices are correct.

·c.)

Homelessness in San Francisco rises in the wake of the housing crisis

·d.)

College enrollment skyrockets as workers try to learn the skills employers want in the 21st century

The sociological imagination helps us to connect __________.

·a.)

individuals with community

·b.)

society with globalization

·c.)

personal troubles with public issues

Which of the following statements reflects the sociological imagination?

·a.)

"You can't find a job because globalization has changed the economy, and your skills are no longer valued in this country."

·b.)

"You can't find a job because you have too many family obligations that are holding you back."

·c.)

"You can't find a job because you're not looking hard enough."

·d.)

"You would be able to find a job if you weren't so lazy."

                                                     Challenge no # 2

Which of the following describes micro-level orientation?

·a.)

The overall structure of a situation

·b.)

The change of a variable that impacts a situation

·c.)

The close examination of the details of a situation

Which theoretical approach identifies the core of society as the result of all interactions?

·a.)

Social conflict approach

·b.)

Symbolic interaction approach

·c.)

Structural functional approach

Studying the big picture of social patterns is called __________.

·a.)

macro-level orientation

·b.)

psychological research

·c.)

symbolic interaction

·d.)

micro-level orientation

A __________ stems from a group consensus, and is reflected in a society's laws.

·a.)

social structure

·b.)

social function

·c.)

social fact

·d.)

social basis

Which of the following describes a social structure?

·a.)

A stable, routine pattern of interaction

·b.)

A complex and interconnected machine

·c.)

An established set of laws within a particular society

·d.)

Any act or process that contributes to the maintenance of a social system

Which of the following statements about structural functional theory is true?

·a.)

Structural functional theory views society as a complex, interconnected machine.

·b.)

Structural functional theory uses a macro-level orientation.

·c.)

Structural functional theory focuses on individual interactions in society.

·d.)

Structural functional theory uses a macro-level orientation, AND views society as a complex, interconnected machine.

The known and intended consequences of a system are referred to as __________.

·a.)

social functions

·b.)

manifest functions

·c.)

latent functions

The poverty that occurs in an economic system when people cannot get jobs is a __________.

·a.)

social dysfunction

·b.)

social function

·c.)

latent function

·d.)

manifest function

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

·a.)

Latent dysfunction

A widely-known dysfunction of a social system or event

·b.)

Manifest function

An unrecognized and often unintended function of a social system

·c.)

Dysfunction

A beneficial social function

·d.)

Manifest function

A recognized and intended function of a social system

Which of the following did sociologist Karl Marx feel was the most important conflict in society?

·a.)

Class conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat

·b.)

International conflict between the United States and European countries

·c.)

Gender conflict between men and women

Which sociologist theorized that there were factors besides property, such as power and social prestige, that caused class conflict in society?

·a.)

Karl Marx

·b.)

Max Weber

·c.)

Auguste Comte 

·d.)

C. Wright Mills

Select the true statement about social conflict theory. 

·a.)

It states that the power elite are a threat to American freedom. 

·b.)

It states that the existence of inequalities in society causes people to strive for change.

·c.)

It states that a society's institutions should be viewed with a micro-level orientation.

What does the race conflict approach assume about society?

·a.)

All of the answer choices are correct.

·b.)

That society is an arena in which conflict is based on an inequality of resources

·c.)

That society is a complex and interconnected machine that works as a system

·d.)

That society is created through micro-level human interactions

Which of the following best describes double consciousness?

·a.)

Ida Wells Barnett's notion that black people in America view themselves in two contrasting ways: the way they see themselves, and the way they are seen by the white majority

·b.)

W.E.B Du Bois' notion that black people in America view themselves in two contrasting ways: the way they see themselves, and the way they are seen by the white majority

·c.)

The notion that people in America must constantly think about the differences between black people and white people

·d.)

The notion that, due to racism, black people in America must always think about how their actions could be misinterpreted by white people

Scholars who research the race conflict approach would be interested in which of the following topics?

·a.)

Social interaction in the workplace between white people and people of color

·b.)

All of the answer choices are correct.

·c.)

Differences in the rate of incarceration between white people and people of color

·d.)

Differences in college enrollment between white people and people of color

What does gender conflict theory assume about society?

·a.)

That society is an arena in which conflict — over resources, and between men and women — is critically important

·b.)

None of the answer choices are correct.

·c.)

That society is a complex machine with many interlocking parts and structures

·d.)

That society is constructed through social interaction

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

·a.)

Jane Addams

First female sociologist

·b.)

Jane Addams

Founder of Hull House and an applied/public sociologist

·c.)

Harriet Martineau

Founder of Hull House and an applied/public sociologist

·d.)

Feminism

Support for inequality between men and women

Which of the following statements is true of Harriet Martineau and her work?

·a.)

She founded the Hull House.

·b.)

She advocated for equality between men and women in education.

·c.)

She increased public awareness of unsafe working conditions for immigrant workers.

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

·a.)

Symbolic interaction

Micro-level orientation

·b.)

Interpretative sociology

A focus on social structures

·c.)

Symbolic interaction

Macro-level orientation

Which of the following describes an aspect of symbolic interaction theory?

·a.)

All of the answer choices are correct.

·b.)

The meanings of situations, people, and society are created through social interaction.

·c.)

Symbolic meanings are shared when people talk to each other.

·d.)

Patterns of interaction, when repeated, develop into social institutions.

 

Select the true statement about interpretive sociology.

·a.)

It assumes that most human beings will have the same reaction to a given situation.

·b.)

It focuses on the development of societal behaviors over time.

·c.)

It focuses on the connection between individuals and their environment. 

·d.)

It assumes that individuals will attach personalized meanings to their actions.

Which of the following theories has been largely discredited, but is still studied as part of the history of sociology?

·a.)

Extinction

·b.)

Social Darwinism

·c.)

Evolution

·d.)

Natural selection

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

·a.)

Charles Darwin

Survival of the fittest

·b.)

Charles Darwin

Social Darwinism

·c.)

Herbert Spencer

Survival of the fittest

·d.)

Herbert Spencer

Natural selection

Which of the following statements reflects the theory of social Darwinism?

·a.)

Societies have nothing in common with nature.

·b.)

All of the answer choices are correct.

·c.)

Groups in a society, like organisms in nature, compete for resources and survival.

·d.)

Society will regress from complexity to simplicity.

                                                   Challenge no #3

Flannery is doing a study on racism in the United States. She worries that some of her interview subjects have not responded honestly when asked about their beliefs regarding race.

 

Which research method should Flannery use to get a clear picture of how people behave in everyday life?

·a.)

A participant observation

·b.)

A focus group

·c.)

An experiment

Ari is conducting research on single mothers and the transfer of wealth to their children. He has written research questions and reviewed the work of others who have investigated similar topics. Now he proposes some tentative answers that he will explore.

 

When Ari proposes answers to his questions that he will explore in his research, he is at which step in the scientific method?

·a.)

Proposing new questions

·b.)

Forming a hypothesis

·c.)

Collecting data

·d.)

Reviewing the work of others

Chris is a sociology student who assembles a group so that he can collect information from a specific demographic segment for research purposes.

 

Which research method is Chris using?

·a.)

Survey research

·b.)

An experiment

·c.)

A focus group

Which of the following is true of in-depth interview research?

·a.)

Research takes a conversational tone.

·b.)

Open-ended questions are asked, and follow-up questions have been prepared to respond to possible answers.

·c.)

Participants are free to move the conversation in directions they think are important.

·d.)

All of the answer choices are correct.

Which of the following best describes Lois Benjamin's research on the black elite?

·a.)

Benjamin immersed herself in the social circles of the people she studied, and used participant observation.

·b.)

Benjamin found that successful black people do not suffer as a result of racism in contemporary society.

·c.)

Benjamin used a highly-controlled question-and-answer interview style.

·d.)

Benjamin found that although the experience of the elite was improved, all African-Americans suffer as a result of racial bias.

Which of the following is true of William Foote Whyte and his research?

·a.)

Whyte found that existing stereotypes about poor people were accurate.

·b.)

Whyte used survey research to develop a theory on class conflict in American cities.

·c.)

Whyte immersed himself in a city neighborhood in an effort to learn about street life.

·d.)

Whyte conducted interviews to research the experience of black elites in American society.

 

Amy is a breast cancer survivor who is researching the impact of having breast cancer on one's social relationships.

 

By studying something she cares about, Amy is doing __________ research.

·a.)

representative 

·b.)

value-free

·c.)

value-relevant 

·d.)

ethical

Bill wants to understand the effects of having children on marital satisfaction. Bill interviews 20 married men with children, and writes a report based on the interview data.

 

Bill's study could be criticized because he didn't gather a __________.

·a.)

snowball sample

·b.)

value-free sample

·c.)

value-relevant sample

·d.)

representative sample

You move to a new city and are introduced to a friend of a friend who lives there. Later, you meet more friends of friends, and you slowly build a new social network.

 

This process is similar to which research technique?

·a.)

Surveying

·b.)

Sampling

·c.)

Interviewing

·d.)

Snowball sampling

In the Stanford Prison Experiment, why did the guards adopt hostile behaviors?

·a.)

They did not want to participate in the experiment.

·b.)

They were already aggressive people.

·c.)

The institution of prison promoted these behaviors.

·d.)

They were paid to be cruel to the prisoners.

How did the Stanford Prison Experiment violate the standard of informed consent in social research?

·a.)

The prisoners were locked up.

·b.)

The guards were treated less fairly than the prisoners.

·c.)

The participants were unaware of how the experiment would progress and what effect it would have on them.

·d.)

The prisoners were treated less fairly than the guards.

Why do social researchers insist on using informed consent procedures?

·a.)

To educate participants about the purpose of the research

·b.)

To make the research process more efficient

·c.)

To ensure that participants know the risks and responsibilities of participating in the research

·d.)

To ensure that participants will never take legal action against the researchers

Justin polls 20 people in his city, asking them which presidential candidate they plan to vote for. 12 of them say they will vote for the Democratic candidate. Based on this information, Justin tells people that the Democratic candidate will win the presidential election. 

In making this claim, Justin uses __________.

·a.)

inferential statistics

·b.)

the Hawthorne effect

·c.)

spurious correlations

·d.)

descriptive statistics

Alicia is doing a study on obesity in the U.S. Her argument is that education, income, and diet strongly influence the rate of obesity. Later, another researcher indicates that Alicia failed to consider the role of exercise when she made her conclusions. 

Alicia's results may have included a __________.

·a.)

spurious correlation

·b.)

response bias

·c.)

cause and effect relationship

·d.)

Hawthorne effect

Delia asks seven of her friends how many hours of TV they watch per week. Their answers are 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 9, and 14.

 

Which of the following is a statistically-valid statement about Delia's friends' TV-viewing habits?

·a.)

All of the answer choices are correct.

·b.)

Most of Delia's friends watch fewer than seven hours of TV per week.

·c.)

Nine is the mode number of hours of TV that Delia's friends watch per week.

·d.)

On average, Delia's typical friend watches seven hours of TV per week.

A characteristic that ranges within a population is called a __________.

·a.)

condition

·b.)

variable

·c.)

statistic

·d.)

concept

Your socioeconomic class is an example of which of the following?

·a.)

A dependent variable

·b.)

A trait

·c.)

An independent variable

·d.)

A concept

Consistency in the measurement of variables is called __________.

·a.)

reliability

·b.)

objectivity

·c.)

validity

Which of the following is a benefit of qualitative research?

·a.)

It enables sociologists to understand how people view themselves and the world.

·b.)

It enables sociologists to receive answers in the form of numerical data.

·c.)

It enables sociologists to observe a subject without his or her knowledge.

·d.)

It enables sociologists to avoid bias in their research. 

Which of the following is NOT an example of qualitative research?

·a.)

Finding the average number of upper-class citizens who voted for Barack Obama in 2008

·b.)

Interviewing strangers about the effects of racism on their lives

·c.)

Spending time with a group of homeless men in order to understand their lives 

·d.)

Analyzing historical documents and cultural artifacts to understand what American society was like after World War II

The idea of verstehen ("to understand") is associated with which German sociologist?

·a.)

Karl Marx

·b.)

Emile Durkheim

·c.)

Robert Merton

·d.)

Max Weber

Mitchell is researching the effects of nutrition on high school students. He interviews fifteen female students and four male students, and writes a report.

 

Mitchell's findings could be critiqued because of __________.

·a.)

gynocentricity

·b.)

androcentricity

·c.)

gender blindness

·d.)

interference

Henry is a sociology graduate student who is interested in the global sex trade, specifically in the lives of female sex workers in Mexico. He travels to Mexico to interview women, but becomes frustrated when he gains little information from female respondents.

 

Which of the following might be happening with Henry's research?

·a.)

Interference

·b.)

Gynocentricity

·c.)

Overgeneralization

·d.)

Gender blindness

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

·a.)

Gynocentricity

A focus on the male perspective

·b.)

Gender blindness

When the sex of the researcher interferes with the research process

·c.)

Gynocentricity

A focus on the female perspective

·d.)

Double standard

When the same standard is applied to everyone

When evaluating a source's authority, it is important to look for __________.

·a.)

the medium that the author used to publish the information

·b.)

the gender of the author

·c.)

the author's opinion on the subject

·d.)

the author's expertise on the subject

 

Anna is compiling research on the connection between diet and diseases. She finds a website that she thinks might be useful for her report.

Which of the following questions can help Anna evaluate the website as a potential source?

·a.)

Has the website cited multiple credible sources?

·b.)

All of the answer choices are correct. 

·c.)

Is the website biased in any way?

·d.)

Does the website have authority on the subject?

__________ occurs when research results are influenced by personal interests and characteristics. 

·a.)

Inaccuracy 

·b.)

Authority

·c.)

Bias

·d.)

Overgeneralization

 

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