Introduction to Sociology Unit 3 Sociology Challenges

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 Unit no # 3

                                      Challenge no # 1

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

·a.)

Social construction of reality

Symbolic interaction approach 

·b.)

Social construction of reality

Structural-functional approach

·c.)

Social construction of reality

Social conflict approach

According to symbolic interaction theory, the basis of meaning lies in __________.

·a.)

culture

·b.)

society

·c.)

language

·d.)

interaction

Which of the following statements is an example of the social construction of reality?

·a.)

Claims that the sanctity of marriage and family are under attack increase when gay and lesbian couples wed and have children (i.e. the meanings of "marriage" and "family" change). 

·b.)

All of the answer choices are correct.

·c.)

The constitution of the United States is continually reinterpreted as times change.

·d.)

After 9/11, some Muslims living in America took additional precautions when extremists blamed them for the terrorist attacks (i.e. the meaning of "Muslim" changed). 

Which of the following is an example of the Thomas theorem in practice?

·a.)

American society has constructed artificial notions of racial differences that cause minority groups to suffer.

·b.)

A man believes that his girlfriend is lying to him, so he is hostile towards her.

·c.)

A child who believes that ghosts are real is fearful every night and sleeps in his parents' room.

·d.)

All of the answer choices are correct.

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

·a.)

Harold Garfinkel

The Thomas theorem

·b.)

Harold Garfinkel

Ethnomethodology

·c.)

All of the answer choices are correct.

·d.)

W.I. Thomas

Ethnomethodology

Ethnomethodology investigates which of the following?

·a.)

Common assumptions that underlie everyday cultural behaviors

·b.)

The notion that different cultures must be studied using different research methodologies

·c.)

How different ethnic groups use different research methodologies

·d.)

How different cultures interact with each other

Select the true statement about Erving Goffman's theory of dramaturgical analysis.

·a.)

It states that we are always on the front stage.

·b.)

It states that we are "performers" on a stage when we interact socially.

·c.)

It states that we are not concerned about creating positive self-images.

·d.)

It states that we can never know whether someone is on the front stage or the back stage in a performance.

Sociologist Erving Goffman described dramaturgical analysis as which of the following?

·a.)

How human beings present themselves to strangers 

·b.)

How human being form social relationships based on shared cultural beliefs and values

·c.)

How human beings' daily lives can be understood through the lens of a theatrical performance

·d.)

How human beings present themselves to their families and friends

Aaron is a teaching assistant (TA) in an economic sociology course at the University of Maryland. On Friday a night, Aaron goes to the movie theater, where he runs into his sociology professor. 

According to dramaturgical analysis, this interaction takes place __________ for both Aaron and the professor.

·a.)

privately

·b.)

on the back stage

·c.)

artificially

·d.)

on the front stage

Which of the following is an example of nonverbal communication?

·a.)

Mark hangs his head when he is tired or unhappy.

·b.)

All of the answer choices are correct.

·c.)

Andrea waves to greet her colleagues in the hallway.

·d.)

Ella smiles and nods to show her boss that she is listening.

The socially constructed aspect of body placement is called __________.

·a.)

personal space

·b.)

social cue

·c.)

communication style

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

·a.)

Embarrassment

An uncomfortable feeling after making a social error

·b.)

Personal space

Defined the same way by every culture

·c.)

Nonverbal communication

Eye contact only

·d.)

Demeanor

The relationship between words and body posture

Louis is a sociologist who is proud of his occupation. He usually identifies himself as a sociologist when he meets strangers. Louis views sociology as his life's mission.

 

For Louis, his status as a sociologist is which of the following?

·a.)

A status set

·b.)

An ascribed status

·c.)

Both a master status and an ascribed status

·d.)

A master status

Billy belongs to a family. He is both a brother and a son.

 

Billy's status as a brother is which of the following?

·a.)

A master status

·b.)

Both an ascribed status and a master status

·c.)

An ascribed status

·d.)

An achieved status

Which of the following can be a part of one's status set?

·a.)

Grandfather

·b.)

Inmate

·c.)

Police officer 

·d.)

All of the answer choices are correct.

Bethany is stressed because of all the roles she must play in her life. In addition to the roles associated with her teaching job, she must maintain relationships with her mother and her boyfriend. Now that Bethany's brother and his wife have a baby, Bethany is also expected to help them with childcare occasionally. Bethany feels that she doesn't have enough time to play all of the roles associated with her statuses (i.e. daughter, sister, teacher, and girlfriend).

 

Bethany is experiencing __________.

·a.)

role strain

·b.)

status conflict

·c.)

role conflict

·d.)

role exit

Sara began a job as a middle school math teacher in the past week. She is already stressed by all of the roles she must play as a teacher.

 

Sara is experiencing __________.

·a.)

role strain

·b.)

role conflict

·c.)

status conflict

·d.)

role exit

Will just broke up with his girlfriend of three years. He feels simultaneously liberated and confused as he considers new roles associated with being single.

 

Will is experiencing the process of __________.

·a.)

role conflict

·b.)

role strain

·c.)

role exit

·d.)

status conflict

                             challenge no # 2

What is the primary difference between the theories of Sigmund Freud and John Watson?

·a.)

John Watson was a behaviorist and Freud was a phsychologist. 

·b.)

Both Watson and Freud felt that personality developed as a mix of biological drives and social demands. 

·c.)

Watson argued that personality was developed socially, and he didn't think biology was important for personality development like Freud did. 

·d.)

Freud argued that personality was developed socially, and he didn't think biology was important for personality development like Watson did. 

Dan wishes he could just take everything he wants to satisfy his biological urges and not have to care about the social consequences of his actions. But Dan knows better than to do so, a part of his brain tempers his selfish biological desires and reconciles them with the demands of society.

 

The part of Dan's brain that balances the two forces is called his _____________.

·a.)

Id 

·b.)

Personality

·c.)

Superego

·d.)

Ego

Brady is a relatively predictable person. His friends expect him to act relatively consistent every time they see him.

 

Brady's stable patterns of behavior is part of his _____________.

·a.)

Id

·b.)

Ego

·c.)

Superego

·d.)

Personality

Why did Piaget call the first stage of cognitive development the "sensorimotor stage?"

·a.)

Because the senses are strongest at this stage of life, given that symbols and language are not yet used

·b.)

Because people begin to move around at this stage

·c.)

Because at this stage, people know the world only through their senses; they do not understand abstract meanings or symbols yet

·d.)

Because the senses define who we are as humans, and the first stage of life is the most critical

Charlie is three years old. His parents are delighted that he can run around the house and name some of the things he sees (e.g. "chair" and "TV").

 

Charlie is at which of the following stages of cognitive development?

·a.)

Formal operational stage

·b.)

Pre-operational stage

·c.)

Sensorimotor stage

·d.)

Concrete operational stage

Becca is in the fifth grade. Although she has not been a great student, she now realizes that when she spends more time practicing spelling, she does better on spelling tests.

 

Becca is at which of the following stages of cognitive development?

·a.)

Pre-operational stage

·b.)

Sensorimotor stage

·c.)

Formal operational stage

·d.)

Concrete operational stage

James is a high school student struggling to define who he is, and to decide what he wants to do with his life.

 

James is going through which of the following stages of development?

·a.)

Adulthood

·b.)

Adolescence

·c.)

Young adulthood

·d.)

Pre-adolescence

Katelyn just graduated from college. She has relocated to new city and started working. Now she needs to make friends and, she hopes, begin a romantic relationship.

 

Katelyn is at which stage in the life course?

·a.)

Young adulthood

·b.)

Adolescence

·c.)

Adulthood

·d.)

Middle adulthood

Which of the following statements accurately describes Erik Erikson's view of personality development?

·a.)

Personality develops as we respond to a series of challenges at different stages in our lives. 

·b.)

We can only develop personality by meeting challenges and answering questions.

·c.)

Personality will not develop if we fail to meet challenges.

·d.)

As human beings, our personalities all develop at the same rate.

What is meant by the term "looking glass self?"

·a.)

That the self is developed when we analyze how others react to us

·b.)

That we have no self-image without a mirror because we can't see ourselves otherwise

·c.)

That the self has two parts: the "I" and the "Me"

Which of the following statements describes how George Herbert Mead saw the self?

·a.)

The self develops uniquely and spontaneously without the need for society.

·b.)

The self is not biologically-given; rather, it develops as a result of social interactions.

·c.)

We have a biologically-given self, but it is subject to social influences.

How does personality develop, according to George Herbert Mead?

·a.)

By thinking deeply about who we are

·b.)

By determining the flaws in the personalities of others

·c.)

By joining a group of people that we wish to identify with

·d.)

By taking the role of others during interaction and thinking about how they see us

Steve and Mark argue about the death penalty. Steve asserts that "the death penalty is right because it's the law in some states." Mark disagrees and argues that "just because it's the law doesn't mean that it's right."

 

Mark reasons at which of the following levels of moral development?

·a.)

Conventional

·b.)

Non-conventional

·c.)

Pre-conventional

·d.)

Post-conventional

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

·a.)

Lawrence Kohlberg

Studied moral reasoning in boys and girls

·b.)

Lawrence Kohlberg

Studied moral reasoning in boys only

·c.)

Carol Gilligan

Studied moral reasoning in boys only

·d.)

Carol Gilligan

Studied moral reasoning in girls only

What was Carol Gilligan's key insight?

·a.)

That girls are better at judging right and wrong than boys

·b.)

That girls have a justice perspective of right and wrong; boys have a care and responsibility perspective

·c.)

That girls and boys mostly judge right and wrong according to the same standard

·d.)

That girls and boys judge right and wrong according to different standards, both of which are valid

Which of the following describes ageism?

·a.)

The belief that older people should hold the most power in society

·b.)

The act of discriminating against people based on age

·c.)

The study of how biology and society influence the aging process

Select the true statement about adulthood.

·a.)

It is the stage of life in which we experience the most contradictions in our roles.

·b.)

It is the stage of life that is most free of stress. 

·c.)

It is the stage of life in which most of our accomplishments occur.

·d.)

It is the stage of life in which we accomplish the least.

Children who are within the same age range are members of the same __________.

·a.)

gerontocracy

·b.)

cohort

·c.)

life course

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

·a.)

Anticipatory socialization

Thinking about how to become an adult 

·b.)

Anticipatory socialization

Learning the social behaviors of a group that you wish to join

·c.)

Anticipatory socialization

Only learning new behaviors

·d.)

Anticipatory socialization

Acquiring a new identity by going through resocialization

Which of the following is NOT typically a foundation of a peer group?

·a.)

Parents' opinions and supervision

·b.)

Interests

·c.)

Age

·d.)

Class or social standing

Which of the following is NOT a part of the mass media?

·a.)

Television

·b.)

YouTube

·c.)

Your email messages

·d.)

The New York Times

The attempt to fundamentally change a person's personality by controlling his or her environment is called __________.

·a.)

grouping

·b.)

resocialization

·c.)

adjustment

Which of the following is NOT an example of a total institution?

·a.)

A mental hospital

·b.)

A prison

·c.)

A children's hospital

·d.)

The military

The first step of resocialization is to __________.

·a.)

create a new identity for the person so that he or she can develop a unique personality

·b.)

eliminate the personality and identity that a person had in the outside world

·c.)

build the person back up

·d.)

give the person a uniform

                                           challenge no # 3

The people who work for the post office in Minneapolis, MN are an example of __________. 

·a.)

a secondary group

·b.)

both a social group and a secondary group

·c.)

a primary group

·d.)

a social group

Which of the following is an example of a primary group?

·a.)

You and the group of people you play soccer with twice a month

·b.)

You and all of the other people attending a concert

·c.)

You and your coworkers

·d.)

You and your best friends

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

·a.)

Primary group

Weak, fluid ties between people who come together for a purpose

·b.)

Secondary group

Strong, lasting emotional ties

·c.)

Primary group

Strong, lasting emotional ties

·d.)

None of the answer choices are correct.

 

Which of the following could be considered a reference group?

·a.)

Employees of a state government

·b.)

Inmates at a prison

·c.)

Members of a local church

·d.)

All of the answer choices are correct.

 

Mike is a high school senior who is an exceptional basketball player. Mike wants to play basketball at a Division 1 college next year, preferably Duke University.

 

Select the pairing that is true of Mike.

·a.)

Reference group to which Mike currently belongs

The Duke basketball team

·b.)

Reference group to which Mike wants to belong

The Duke basketball team

·c.)

Reference group to which Mike wants to belong

Any college basketball team

 

Select the true statement about reference groups.

·a.)

Reference groups are always a negative influence on people's behavior.

·b.)

People only consider the opinions of reference groups to which they currently belong.

·c.)

Reference groups are always a positive influence on people's behavior. 

·d.)

People use reference groups to help determine how others will perceive their behavior.

 

Katie and five of her friends discuss what they want to do tonight. One of the friends suggests going to a movie, and two others half-heartedly agree. Katie doesn't want to go to a movie, and thinks that maybe some of the others don't either. However, she remains quiet and doesn't voice her opposition to the idea. The group agrees to go to a movie.

This scenario illustrates which of the following concepts?

·a.)

Both group conformity and groupthink

·b.)

Groupthink

·c.)

Group conformity

·d.)

Conforming to authority figures

 

Which of the following statements about Solomon Asch and his experiments is FALSE?

·a.)

Asch's studies involved groups of 6-8 students.

·b.)

Asch's work illustrated the tendency to conform in small groups, even when conforming goes against an individual's view of right and wrong.

·c.)

Asch's work showed that people will conform to authority, even when doing so might result in others being punished unfairly.

·d.)

One third of all participants in Asch's studies conformed to group pressure to answer incorrectly.

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

·a.)

Irving Janis

Shock experiments

·b.)

Irving Janis

Groupthink

·c.)

Solomon Asch

Groupthink

·d.)

Solomon Asch

Shock experiments

 

 Billy is a second grader who has been assigned to make a family tree for a class project. The teacher says that the tree must go back five generations, if Billy can find the information.

 

Billy shares which of the following relationships with people who precede him by five generations on his family tree?

·a.)

Nuclear family

·b.)

Kinship

·c.)

Blended family

 

Ava lives with her mother, father, and younger brother. 

Ava's household is considered which of the following?

·a.)

Kinship

·b.)

Blended family

·c.)

Extended family

·d.)

Nuclear family

·

 

·

 

·

 

·

 

 

·

Which of the following people can be considered part of your extended family?

·a.)

All of the answer choices are correct.

·b.)

Your step-brother's son

·c.)

Your grandfather's sister 

·d.)

Your cousin's daughter

Families are key institutions that help society stay together.

 

Which of the following theories best fits this description?

·a.)

Social exchange theory

·b.)

Symbolic interaction theory

·c.)

Structural-functional theory

·d.)

Social conflict theory

Families are key institutions that help society stay together.

 

Which of the following theories best fits this description?

·a.)

Social exchange theory

·b.)

Symbolic interaction theory

·c.)

Structural-functional theory

·d.)

Social conflict theory

Which of the following theories of family focuses on the ways in which families experience and perpetuate social inequality?

·a.)

Symbolic interaction theory

·b.)

Structural-functional theory

·c.)

Social conflict theory

·d.)

Social exchange theory

 

Bashir lives in rural India, where it is almost impossible for him to marry someone from a different caste (i.e. social level).

 

Bashir's marriage will likely be __________.

·a.)

polygamous

·b.)

endogamous

·c.)

exogamous

In the movie Titanic, Jack, a poor immigrant, and Rose, a wealthy debutante, form a romantic relationship.

 

Their relationship illustrates which of the following?

·a.)

Homogamy

·b.)

Polygamy

·c.)

Endogamy

·d.)

Exogamy

Which of the following describes homogamous marriage?

·a.)

Marriage between people who are culturally and socially similar

·b.)

Marriage between people who are culturally and socially different

·c.)

Marriage to one person at a time

·d.)

Marriage to multiple people at the same time

Joseph and Cameron have been married for 25 years, but have recently decided to get a divorce. When asked why, Cameron said that she didn't need Joseph as much as she once did because she currently earns more than him.

 

Cameron's comments illustrate which of the following common causes of divorce?

·a.)

Divorce is less stigmatized than it used to be.

·b.)

Romantic love fades over time.

·c.)

More women have become economically independent.

Select the true statement about divorce in the United States.

·a.)

Divorce has become less socially-acceptable over time.

·b.)

One reason for divorce is that people are more individualistic and concerned with personal happiness.

·c.)

To get a divorce, one must prove to a court that his or her partner is unfaithful or abusive.

Jason and Alicia are a married couple with three children: their daughter, Rebecca, and Jason's two sons, Robert and Isaac, from Jason's previous marriage.

Jason and Alicia's family is an example of which of the following?

·a.)

A blended family

·b.)

An extended family

·c.)

Economic independence

·d.)

A unit of economic cooperation

Modern American society has moved toward which of the following systems of descent?

·a.)

Matrilineal descent

·b.)

Nuclear family descent

·c.)

Patrilineal descent

·d.)

Bilateral descent

When kinship is traced through male family members, it is called __________.

·a.)

patrilineal descent

·b.)

bilateral descent

·c.)

matrilineal descent

Which of the following describes matrilineal descent?

·a.)

Kinship that is traced through male family members

·b.)

Kinship that is traced through female family members

·c.)

Kinship that is traced through both male and female family members

Which of the following can be an example of family violence?

·a.)

Emotional abuse

·b.)

All of the answer choices are correct.

·c.)

Physical abuse

·d.)

Sexual abuse

Family violence often goes __________, which prevents sociologists from gathering accurate statistics.

·a.)

unreported

·b.)

unresolved

·c.)

unpunished

Which of the following statements regarding family violence is true?

·a.)

Family violence is the most frequently reported type of violence.

·b.)

In the past, family violence was often considered a private matter, but now it is viewed as a public issue.

·c.)

Children usually understand that family violence is not "normal" and should be reported. 

·d.)

Men are the most likely victims of family violence.

In vitro fertilization challenges cultural concepts of reproduction and family, forcing society to consider how to use the technology ethically.

 

Because in vitro fertilization became available before a cultural understanding of how the technology should be used, it is an example of __________.

·a.)

a health crisis

·b.)

designing babies

·c.)

cultural lag

·d.)

genetic screening

Which of the following has been made possible by in vitro fertilization?

·a.)

Genetic screening to pre-select desired traits for offspring

·b.)

Clear ethical boundaries surrounding the use of technology 

·c.)

Cultural changes encouraging an increased birth rate

Which of the following is an ethical concern surrounding in vitro fertilization?

·a.)

Whether a woman should carry a child for another woman

·b.)

Whether all fertilization should be in vitro fertilization

·c.)

Whether genetic screening should be used to pre-select children's traits

                                    Challenge no # 4

Anna works for Target Corporation. The single focus of her job is analysis of laundry detergent sales in stores in Columbus, Ohio. Anna's coworker, Sarah, exclusively analyzes produce sales in Target superstores in Cincinnati, Ohio.

 

Anna and Sarah's highly-focused jobs illustrate which of the following characteristics of bureaucracy?

·a.)

Technical proficiency

·b.)

Hierarchy

·c.)

Rules and regulations

·d.)

Specialization

Karen has failed to make her home mortgage payment by the due date. She knows that she will receive a substantial bonus at work in six months, so she tries to persuade her bank to let her delay payments until she has received it. The bank does not accept her proposal and demands immediate payment. The bank informs Karen that, with respect to payments, she will be treated the same as all other customers.

 

The bank's response illustrates which of the following characteristics of bureaucracy?

·a.)

Technical proficiency

·b.)

Impersonality

·c.)

Hierarchy

·d.)

Formal communications

Select the true statement about sociologist Max Weber.

·a.)

Max Weber theorized the differences between traditional and rational society.

·b.)

Max Weber theorized the concept of the rationalization of society.

·c.)

All of the answer choices are correct.

·d.)

Max Weber developed a theory of bureaucracy.

The 2001 Patriot Act, enacted in response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks, requires an entire bureaucracy - the Department of Homeland Security - to enforce it. Although the threat of terrorism may decline, it is unlikely that the Department will decrease in size, or cease to exist.

 

The Department of Homeland Security illustrates which of the following bureaucratic problems?

·a.)

Bureaucratic inertia

·b.)

Bureaucratic ritualism

·c.)

Bureaucratic alienation

·d.)

Oligarchy

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

·a.)

Oligarchy

Rule of an entire population by seven individuals

·b.)

Oligarchy

Rule of a country by three individuals

·c.)

Oligarchy

Rule of the many by the few

 

"Red tape" is a term indicating that adherence to the rules and procedures of a bureaucracy may inhibit or prevent the bureaucracy from serving its purpose.

 

"Red tape" is an example of which of the following problems of bureaucracy?

·a.)

Bureaucratic ritualism

·b.)

Oligarchy

·c.)

Bureaucratic inertia

·d.)

Bureaucratic alienation

Dan is a sociology professor at Pepperdine University. 

Because it pays his salary, Pepperdine is a __________ organization from Dan's perspective.

·a.)

normative

·b.)

government

·c.)

utilitarian

·d.)

coercive

Why do organizations like Kraft Foods, Coca-Cola, and the United States Post Office exist?

·a.)

They're normative organizations that exist to pursue pre-established goals.

·b.)

They're utilitarian organizations that exist only to provide people with jobs.

·c.)

They're formal organizations that exist to pursue specific goals.

·d.)

They're coercive organizations that exist to make people happy and provide services.

As part of a court-ordered rehabilitation program, Tim must participate in an Alcoholics Anonymous group. Tim doesn't want to participate, but knows he must do so to complete his sentence.

 

From Tim's perspective, which kind of organization is Alcoholics Anonymous?

·a.)

Court organization

·b.)

Normative organization

·c.)

Coercive organization

·d.)

Utilitarian organization

Nate, Zach, and Kylan are deciding what they want to do on Friday night. None of them is a strong leader, so they talk about their options, taking turns listening to each another's ideas. 

Nate, Zach, and Kylan are displaying which of the following leadership styles?

·a.)

Authoritarian leadership

·b.)

Laissez-faire leadership

·c.)

Instrumental leadership

Ad World is a small advertising agency. The owners of Ad World focus on making sure that employees are happy and enjoy their jobs. They believe that if employees are satisfied with the company, they will work hard for it. 

Which of the following leadership styles is used by Ad World?

·a.)

Laissez-faire leadership

·b.)

Instrumental leadership

·c.)

Expressive leadership

Full Sail brewery is an employee-owned company. All of Full Sail's 47 employees participate in deciding its future.

 

Which of the following leadership styles is used by Full Sail?

·a.)

Instrumental leadership

·b.)

Laissez-faire leadership

·c.)

Democratic leadership

Which of the following is an example of McDonaldization?

·a.)

All of the answer choices are correct.

·b.)

Paying your cell phone bill online or with a computerized assistant on the phone

·c.)

Grocery stores installing self-checkout lanes

·d.)

Disney cruises in which all aspects of the tourist experience are controlled and mediated

When you go to Target or Walmart and must wait in the checkout line for more than five minutes, you probably get annoyed. 

Which of the following principles of McDonaldization is violated when this happens, causing your irritation?

·a.)

Control

·b.)

Uniformity

·c.)

Standardization

·d.)

Efficiency

Which of the following is NOT a correct pairing?

·a.)

Taylorism

Scientific management

·b.)

Scientific management

George Ritzer

·c.)

McDonaldization

George Ritzer

·d.)

Scientific management

Science and rationality applied to workflow

                    

 

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