Introduction to Sociology Unit 4 Sociology Challenges

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  Unit no 4

                     Challenge no # 1

A stereotype can be described as which of the following? 

·a.)

A group that is smaller and different from the mainstream

·b.)

A negative or positive statement applied to all members of a group

·c.)

Behavior based on prejudicial ideas

Which of the following is considered to be a minority group in American society?

·a.)

Single women

·b.)

Guatemalan immigrants

·c.)

African Americans

·d.)

All of the answer choices are correct.

Which of the following statements about ethnicity is true?

·a.)

Ethnicity is biologically constructed.

·b.)

Ethnicity is another term for race. 

·c.)

People of the same ethnicity usually have the same personality traits.

·d.)

People of the same ethnicity are unified by their common culture and ancestry.

Neil believes that many stereotypes about groups of people are true, including those related to Hispanic immigrants. When a Hispanic immigrant was hired at Neil's workplace, Neil put a note reading "Go back where you came from!" on his new coworker's car. He shouted the same words at the man as he left work for the day.

 

Neil's actions are an example of __________.

·a.)

discrimination

·b.)

prejudice

·c.)

institutional discrimination

Why was the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka important?

·a.)

It challenged segregation in restaurants and on city buses.

·b.)

It gave people of color the right to serve on school boards.

·c.)

It ended segregation in public schools.

·d.)

It ended segregation in society.

Josiah believes that all of the negative, unfounded criticism directed at Muslims in America after the 9/11 attacks is true. 

Josiah's attitude is an example of which of the following?

·a.)

Discrimination

·b.)

Prejudice

·c.)

Institutional discrimination

Which of the following theories of prejudice asserts that prejudice is used by rich and powerful people to justify their status and subordinate others?

·a.)

Scapegoat theory

·b.)

Authoritarian personality theory

·c.)

Conflict theory

·d.)

Culture theory

Ben is a 24-year-old white man living in Texas. Ben doesn't like immigrants, and has volunteered to patrol the border. Ben's father was also intolerant of immigrants and minority groups. Ben's father may have passed his prejudice on to his son.

 

Ben's prejudice is best explained by which of the following theories of prejudice?

·a.)

Scapegoat theory

·b.)

Authoritarian personality theory

·c.)

Culture theory

·d.)

Conflict theory

Mike was raised in a strict environment, and as a result, sees the world in black-and-white terms. He has a rigid personality and evaluates people of different races according to his worldview.

 

Mike's prejudice is best explained by which of the following theories of prejudice?

·a.)

Culture theory

·b.)

Authoritarian personality theory

·c.)

Conflict theory

·d.)

Scapegoat theory

Eva is a black woman who met her husband, John, a white man, when they studied political theory together at Wesleyan University. Eva and John have two children: a boy, Finn, and a girl, Flannery.

 

Finn and Flannery illustrate the process of __________.

·a.)

pluralism

·b.)

miscegenation

·c.)

multiculturalism

·d.)

assimilation

Which of the following countries practiced apartheid for decades?

·a.)

Ghana

·b.)

Algeria

·c.)

Kenya

·d.)

South Africa

__________ is the process that occurs when minorities adopt the characteristics of the dominant culture.

·a.)

Miscegenation

·b.)

Pluralism

·c.)

Segregation

·d.)

Assimilation

Jamie and Tom argue about the differences between men and women while driving through their town. Tom says, "Men are better drivers than women— we are just more skilled."

 

Tom's comments reveal which of the following?

·a.)

Patriarchy

·b.)

Sexism

·c.)

Bigotry

·d.)

Gender roles

Which of the following is an example of a gender role?

·a.)

In many societies, women are expected to take care of children.

·b.)

In modern society, both men and women have the ability to attend college.

·c.)

In some professions, women are still paid less than men for the same work.

Bella lives in a society in which women occupy the positions of power and influence.

 

Bella lives in which of the following types of society?

·a.)

Matriarchy

·b.)

Oligarchy

·c.)

Patriarchy

·d.)

Monarchy

Ava and Tanya are working hard to increase access to contraceptives like birth control in their community. They feel that women should have as much control over their bodies and reproduction as possible.

 

Ava and Tanya's work best illustrates which of the following principles of feminism?

·a.)

Eliminating gender stratification

·b.)

Ending sexual violence

·c.)

Promoting sexual freedom

·d.)

Increasing gender equality

Which of the following is an example of socialist feminism?

·a.)

Working within existing structures of society to expand opportunities

·b.)

Attempting to separate reproduction from women's bodies to create equality

·c.)

Protesting against the capitalist system

Barb is a feminist scholar who has written a book on gender inequality. The central argument of Barb's book is that culture inhibits women by discouraging them from pursuing "male" jobs. Barb argues that a revolution is not necessary; we can improve women's status by working within the existing system.

 

Barb is part of which of the following groups of feminists?

·a.)

Socialist feminists

·b.)

Radical feminists

·c.)

Liberal feminists

·d.)

Cultural feminists

Which of the following is a way in which someone can experience sexual harassment?

·a.)

All of the answer choices are correct.

·b.)

Gestures

·c.)

Physical contact

·d.)

Words

Select the true statement about gender inequality and sexual harassment.

·a.)

Feminism is the belief that sexual harassment will only end when women have more power in society than men.

·b.)

Since most sexual harassment occurs in the home, more women have opted to join the workforce.

·c.)

By reporting sexual harassment in the workplace, women are guaranteed legal protection.

·d.)

The greater the inequality between men and women, the less likely that women's reports of sexual harassment will be taken seriously.

Which of the following statements about sexual harassment is true?

·a.)

Sexual harassment only occurs in the form of physical contact. 

·b.)

Sexual harassment has become a bigger problem since more women have entered the workforce.

·c.)

Sexual harassment has become less of a problem since more women have entered the workforce.

·d.)

Sexual harassment most frequently occurs between strangers. 

Teresa turns to her religion during difficult times. It comforts her to believe that there is "someone out there" watching over her.

 

Teresa's feelings illustrate which of the following functions of religion?

·a.)

Religion promotes social cohesion.

·b.)

Religion promotes adherence to shared norms.

·c.)

Religion provides meaning in people's lives.

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

·a.)

Sacred

Drinking coffee in the morning

·b.)

Sacred

Washing dishes after dinner

·c.)

Profane

Driving to work in the morning

·d.)

Profane

Performing a baptism

Michelle loves going to church. Afterwards she feels connected to everyone who attended the service, as if she is part of a large religious community.

 

Michelle's feelings illustrate which of the following functions of religion?

·a.)

Religion promotes social cohesion.

·b.)

Religion promotes adherence to certain customs.

·c.)

Religion provides meaning in people's lives.

                             Challenge no # 2

Steven and Carrie argue about how people are ranked in society. Carrie says that people have different amounts of wealth, power, and prestige, and that all of these things are significant in ranking an individual.

 

Carrie's comments best illustrate which of the following concepts?

·a.)

Social mobility

·b.)

Social inequality

·c.)

Social stratification

·d.)

The caste system

Ravi is an ambitious young man, but he feels he shouldn't bother to try to make something of himself. In his society, people are assigned to a group at birth, and have little (or no) ability to change their assignment.

 

Ravi belongs to which of the following?

·a.)

A capitalist society

·b.)

A class system

·c.)

A caste system

·d.)

A meritocracy

Sociologists refer to situations in which groups in society are layered and arranged in different orders as __________.

·a.)

social mobility

·b.)

the caste system

·c.)

social inequality

·d.)

social stratification

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

·a.)

Status consistency

Situation in which an individual's status is consistent with his or her class

·b.)

Class system

Stratification based on individual economic achievement

·c.)

Caste system

Stratification based on individual economic achievement

Which of the following describes a meritocracy?

·a.)

A society in which members' social standing is based on their work, talent, and efforts

·b.)

A society that assigns status based on economic wealth alone

·c.)

A social change that affects a person's life circumstances and position in social

Which of the following describes status consistency?

·a.)

Balance that occurs when structural changes cause groups of people to become more equal in social status

·b.)

Social rewards based on individual efforts

·c.)

A similar standard across multiple measures of inequality, such as wealth, prestige and power

According to the Kuznets curve, which of the following is a correct pairing?

·a.)

Industrial society

Lowest inequality

·b.)

Post-industrial society

Decrease in inequality

·c.)

Hunter-gatherer society

Highest inequality

·d.)

Industrial society

Decrease in inequality

According to the Kuznets curve, at which stage of technological development does inequality begin to lessen?

·a.)

Industrial

·b.)

Post-industrial

·c.)

Horticultural

·d.)

Hunter-gatherer

Which of the following statements is graphically depicted by the Kuznets curve?

·a.)

Technology can influence a society in negative or positive ways, depending on the inherent nature of the society.

·b.)

Technologically-simple societies are relatively equal, but inequality increases indefinitely as technology advances.

·c.)

Inequality in technologically-simple societies is initially high, but it lessens as technology advances and a period of industrialization begins.

·d.)

As societies increase their technological sophistication, they become more unequal at first, and then inequality begins to decrease.

 

Which of the following is a reason that Davis and Moore use to support the claim that stratification is functional for society?

·a.)

The class system ensures that the division of labor is equal.

·b.)

Income inequality is important for economic growth because wealthy people must fund industry.

·c.)

Society must encourage people to voluntarily complete the extra training necessary to prepare for difficult and important roles.

·d.)

The class system ensures that important roles are filled by members of the upper class.

Which of the following describes an egalitarian society?

·a.)

A society in which class is based on hard work and talent

·b.)

A society in which status is based on wealth

·c.)

A society in which all people are equal

What was Davis and Moore's important claim?

·a.)

Social stratification is not present in all societies.

·b.)

Social stratification benefits only the elite.

·c.)

Social stratification benefits society as a whole.

·d.)

Social stratification cannot be explained.

According to Karl Marx, workers in a capitalist system experience feelings of isolation and desolation because they do not control the products of their labor.

 

These feelings are called __________.

·a.)

industrialization

·b.)

stratification

·c.)

alienation

·d.)

discrimination

According to Karl Marx, what is the biggest and most important problem in society?

·a.)

Class conflict

·b.)

Alienation

·c.)

The poor

·d.)

The bourgeoisie

According to Karl Marx, how are the bourgeoisie able to exploit the proletariat?

·a.)

The bourgeoisie are more intelligent than the proletariat.

·b.)

The proletariat freely choose to sell their labor, and the bourgeoisie pay very little for it.

·c.)

The proletariat own the means of the production, but the bourgeoisie dictate how production should occur.

·d.)

The proletariat do not own the means of the production, and must sell their labor to the bourgeoisie for wages.

Episcopalian, Lutheran, and Methodist are examples of __________.

·a.)

religions

·b.)

cults

·c.)

denominations

·d.)

sects

Which of the following statements about fundamentalism is true?

·a.)

Fundamentalism involves a literal interpretation of sacred texts.

·b.)

Fundamentalism promotes acceptance and religious diversity.

·c.)

Fundamentalism discourages a personal relationship with God.

Much to his parents' dismay, Antonio has decided to quit his job and move to the Sierra Nevada mountains. Antonio tells his parents that he has been inspired by a charismatic leader who has shown him the way to enlightenment. He has decided to pursue an alternative lifestyle with a group of others in the mountains.

 

Antonio is joining which of the following?

·a.)

A denomination

·b.)

A cult

·c.)

A sect

·d.)

A fundamentalist group

According to Max Weber, how does predestination support the adoption and growth of capitalism?

·a.)

According to predestination, material wealth is a mark of salvation. This teaching leads people who do not have much wealth to believe they might not be "saved."

·b.)

Predestination encourages people to earn money so that they can spend it, thus promoting economic growth. 

·c.)

Predestination encourages people to look for signs of their salvation, and to work hard, earn money, and save or invest it. All of these activities advance capitalism.

Which of the following is implied by the doctrine of predestination?

·a.)

That people must look for signs of their fate in life

·b.)

All of the answer choices are correct.

·c.)

That people do not know if they have been marked as "saved" or as "condemned"

·d.)

That people are marked by God as either "saved" or "condemned" before birth

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

·a.)

Protestant ethic

Practice hard work and frugality to earn and save money

·b.)

All of the answer choices are correct.

·c.)

Max Weber

Sociologist who theorized the relationship between predestination and capitalism

·d.)

John Calvin

Founder of Calvinism who popularized the doctrine of predestination

Animists believe which of the following?

·a.)

That God created the earth in seven days

·b.)

That the natural environment is supernatural and has consciousness

·c.)

That there is no supernatural, non-human force

Which of the following is true of animism in society today?

·a.)

Animism is illegal in most countries.

·b.)

Only dangerous cults practice animism.

·c.)

Hardly anyone practices animism.

·d.)

Animism remains a popular religion.

Which of the following statements about animism is true?

·a.)

Many people practice animism today.

·b.)

Animism is the oldest form of religion.

·c.)

Animism is a new-age religion.

·d.)

Animists worship animals only.

What was George Murdock's main insight?

·a.)

Across societies, cooking was mostly done by men, and hunting was mostly practiced by women.

·b.)

Across societies, some tasks (e.g. cooking) were primarily performed by women; others (e.g. hunting) were mostly practiced by men.

·c.)

Biology always determines who cooks and who hunts.

·d.)

There is no discernible pattern in the assignment of tasks (e.g. cooking and hunting) by gender across societies.

Select the true statement about Margaret Mead and her work.

·a.)

Mead's studies found that parents assign masculine and feminine behaviors to their children.

·b.)

Mead's studies found that masculine and feminine behaviors are biologically-encoded.

·c.)

Mead's studies found that masculine and feminine behaviors are learned through culture.

Select the true statement about sex and gender.

·a.)

Gender and sex are both biologically determined.

·b.)

Sex is biologically determined; gender refers to socially-constructed roles assigned to males and females.

·c.)

Gender and sex both refer to socially-constructed roles assigned to males and females.

·d.)

Gender is biologically determined; sex refers to socially-constructed roles assigned to males and females.

                                          Challengeno # 3

Which of the following statements describes Hispanic Americans?

·a.)

Hispanic Americans are Americans who trace their ancestry to the original inhabitants of North America.

·b.)

Hispanic Americans are Americans who trace their ancestry to Spain.

·c.)

Hispanic Americans are Americans who trace their ancestry to the Middle East.

·d.)

Hispanic Americans are Americans who trace their ancestry to Spanish-speaking Latin American countries.

Americans who trace their ancestry to the original inhabitants of North and South America are called __________. 

·a.)

Native Americans

·b.)

White Americans

·c.)

WASPs

·d.)

African Americans

Ethnic categories have __________ attributes that affect their treatment in society.

·a.)

biological

·b.)

predetermined

·c.)

socially constructed

·d.)

natural

 

 

Which of the following terms did Max Weber use to describe the combination of factors that contribute to a person's social standing?

·a.)

Social stratification

·b.)

Social mobility

·c.)

Socioeconomic status

·d.)

Social class

A key element of Max Weber's theory of stratification is __________, the level of esteem society assigns to an occupation.

·a.)

wealth

·b.)

respect

·c.)

class

·d.)

prestige

Which of the following describes conspicuous consumption?

·a.)

The change of social position from one generation to the next

·b.)

An ostentatious display of wealth and symbols of wealth

·c.)

The goods, services, or investments that are consumed

Debra lives in an urban neighborhood that has been gentrified. 

Previously, the neighborhood was occupied by __________ residents (i.e. people who often earn less than $30,000 /year per household).

·a.)

creative class

·b.)

middle class

·c.)

working class

·d.)

lower class

Gavin lives in an urban neighborhood that is now gentrified, but was once home to the __________ (i.e. low-income residents who often earn less than $50,000/year per household, and who usually have no savings or investments).

·a.)

working poor

·b.)

creative class

·c.)

working class

·d.)

middle class

Donna lives in an urban neighborhood that has experienced some positive progress, but since the 2008 financial crisis, the number of __________ (or people who live in poverty although they are employed full- or part-time) has increased.

·a.)

working poor

·b.)

middle class

·c.)

creative class

·d.)

working class

__________ exists in U.S. society because some people are extremely wealthy, while others have barely enough to meet their basic needs. 

·a.)

Functional poverty

·b.)

Absolute poverty

·c.)

Feminization of poverty

·d.)

Relative poverty

Very few people in the U.S. are destitute (i.e. living in absolute poverty), but many people live in __________, meaning they can only afford to meet their basic needs.

·a.)

functional poverty

·b.)

relative poverty

·c.)

homelessness

Demographic information that demonstrates an increased proportion of women living in poverty is called __________.

·a.)

sexism

·b.)

gender stratification

·c.)

welfare

·d.)

feminization of poverty

According to Immanuel Wallerstein, how do semi-peripheral countries fit into the world system?

·a.)

Semi-peripheral countries are exploited by the periphery.

·b.)

Semi-peripheral countries benefit from the periphery, but are exploited by the core.

·c.)

Semi-peripheral countries benefit from the core.

·d.)

Semi-peripheral countries benefit from the periphery, and exploit the core.

Which of the following describes the relationship between core countries and peripheral countries?

·a.)

Core countries exploit peripheral countries through military force.

·b.)

Core countries exploit peripheral countries through economic domination. 

·c.)

Peripheral countries exploit core countries through economic domination. 

·d.)

Peripheral countries exploit core countries by establishing colonies.

Which of the following statements about core countries is true?

·a.)

Core countries have an abundance of cheap labor. 

·b.)

Core countries are exploited by peripheral and semi-peripheral countries.

·c.)

The majority of the world's nations can be considered core countries.

·d.)

Core countries have an economic advantage over peripheral and semi-peripheral countries.

Which of the following is an example of a high-income country?

·a.)

Pakistan

·b.)

Peru

·c.)

Denmark

·d.)

Brazil

Which of the following is an example of a low-income country?

·a.)

Germany 

·b.)

Myanmar

·c.)

China 

·d.)

Peru

Which of the following is an example of a middle-income country?

·a.)

Afghanistan

·b.)

New Zealand 

·c.)

Colombia

·d.)

Australia

Which of the following statements correctly describes the difference between colonialism and neocolonialism?

·a.)

Colonialism is the process in which a country establishes an ongoing presence in another country; neocolonialism refers to the results of this process that can be seen long after the period of colonialism has ended. 

·b.)

Colonialism occurs when a country establishes a presence in another country to gain access to resources; neocolonialism occurs when a multinational corporation exploits a country for economic gain. 

·c.)

Colonialism is the process in which a country establishes an ongoing presence in another country for economic gain; neocolonialism is the political manipulation of one country by another. 

·d.)

Colonialism occurs when a country enslaves people from a colony; neocolonialism takes place when a country establishes economic territories in another country. 

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

·a.)

Colonialism

Economic exploitation of a country by a multinational corporation

·b.)

Colonialism

Establishing a political/economic presence in a country to gain access to resources

·c.)

Neocolonialism

Political exploitation of a country without its knowledge

·d.)

Neocolonialism

Establishing roots in a country in order to institute democracy

Select the true statement about neocolonialism.

·a.)

Neocolonialism is centered on the idea that global power is achieved through the economic exploitation of nation-states by other nation-states.

·b.)

Neocolonialism is centered on the idea that it is unethical to invade another country to take advantage of its resources.

·c.)

Neocolonialism is centered on the idea that colonies can regain power by overthrowing their colonizers.

·d.)

Neocolonialism is centered on the idea that economic exploitation by corporations - not by nation-states - is the means to achieving global power.

Which of the following is an example of child slavery?

·a.)

Global slavery in which people are moved from one location to another to perform forced labor

·b.)

Forcing children to attend an educational institution against their will

·c.)

A society in which families are extremely poor, thus requiring children to work

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

·a.)

Child slavery

Slavery in which slaves are treated as property

·b.)

Debt bondage

Employers charge workers for necessities, but pay too little to cover the costs

·c.)

Chattel slavery

Children must work to provide income for their family

The illicit sex trade takes place globally. Women are transported, often against their will, to locations where they are exploited.

 

The sex trade is an example of which of the following types of slavery?

·a.)

Economic slavery

·b.)

Chattel slavery

·c.)

Servile forms of marriage

·d.)

Human trafficking

What is the central claim of dependency theory?

·a.)

Throughout history, poor countries have been economically exploited by rich countries. This explains why poor countries remain poor and underdeveloped.

·b.)

Rich countries prevent poor countries from developing technologically. This keeps poor countries poor and disadvantaged.

·c.)

Rich countries have instilled a culture of poverty in the poor countries they colonized. The poor countries have yet to overcome this culture.

·d.)

Rich countries establish colonies in poor countries. The resulting neocolonialism is the reason why poor countries lag behind.

Which of the following statements most completely describes Rostow's stages of modernization?

·a.)

Traditional society, characterized by weak social ties and a backward emphasis on farm production, gradually yields to modern society, characterized by markets and strong social ties. 

·b.)

Traditional society, characterized by a community focus, strong social ties, and limited technology, gradually yields to modern society, characterized by markets, individualism, and weak social ties. 

·c.)

Traditional society, which is characterized by limited consumption, gradually yields to mass consumption.

·d.)

Traditional societies lose their focus on family and community, and add markets.

According to modernization theory, the roles of culture and __________ must be understood to explain economic development.

·a.)

technology

·b.)

resources

·c.)

power

·d.)

population

             

 

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