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Introduction to Sociology Milestone 2 Answer Sophia Course
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1
The nine-month school year was developed in the 19th century to coincide with the farming calendar. Although most Americans no longer live or work on farms, most school systems continue to use the nine-month calendar.
This is an example of __________.
·
subculture
·
cultural integration
·
ideal culture
·
cultural lag
CONCEPT
Cultural Change and Integration
2
Which of the following statements about differential association theory is true?
·
It is a theory that asserts that those who are in power set the rules.
·
It is a theory stating that the labels which we apply to people determine their behavior.
·
It is a theory that claims that a person's social group can determine his or her tendency toward deviance.
·
It is a theory that states that the inability to reach cultural goals legally causes deviance.
CONCEPT
Differential Association Theory
3
Which of the following terms describes crimes committed by people of relatively-high social standing while doing their jobs?
·
Hate crime
·
Corporate crime
·
Organized crime
·
White collar crime
CONCEPT
White Collar Crime and Organized Crime
4
Jane believes that all cultures in the U.S. must be recognized on their own terms. She also believes that they should co-exist peacefully and be treated with respect.
Jane's views are best described as which of the following?
·
Multiculturalism
·
Eurocentricism
·
Monoculturalism
·
Cultural relativism
CONCEPT
Multiculturalism
5
Jack and Sherry argue about deviance among the youth of different races. Jack believes that poor African-American youth may "act out" in deviant ways because they cannot achieve cultural goals, including wealth and success, by conventional means (e.g., through a college education and a good job).
Jack's comments best illustrate which of the following theories of deviance?
·
Differential association theory
·
Control theory
·
Conflict theory
·
Strain theory
CONCEPT
Strain Theory
6
Which of the following statements about cultural relativism is FALSE?Â
·
It requires openness to unfamiliar values and norms.
·
It asserts that moral standards vary from society to society.
·
It requires judgment of a culture according to its own standards.
·
It requires judgment of other cultures according to the standards of our own culture.
CONCEPT
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
7
Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe the social foundations of deviance?
·
Power and social status play key roles in how people define deviant behavior.Â
·
What is labeled "deviant" in one culture may be considered "normal" in another.
·
People are perceived as deviant when they view their own behavior as deviant.
·
Definitions of deviance change over time.
CONCEPT
Functions of Deviance
8
Which of the following was NOT a core American value identified by Robin Williams Jr.?
·
Practicality and efficiency
·
Religion and faith
·
Technology and progress
·
Racism and group superiority
CONCEPT
Values and Beliefs
9
Which of the following terms refers to the production of goods using machinery powered by energy sources (e.g., steam and electricity)?
·
Post-industrialism
·
Industry
·
Agriculture
·
Hunting and gathering
CONCEPT
Lenski's Five Types of Society
10
Which of the following cultural patterns includes hippies, religious militants, militias, and organized crime groups because of their oppositional stance towards society?
·
Counterculture
·
Multiculturalism
·
Monoculture
·
Subculture
CONCEPT
Subculture and Counterculture
11
Which of the following statements about sociobiology is true?Â
·
Societal norms form behaviors regardless of biological influences.
·
It can explain why some cultural patterns are more common, and easier to learn, than others.
·
Research on behavior supports the argument that genetic programming determines human behavior.Â
CONCEPT
Sociobiology
12
Which of the following terms best describes the social process through which we share beliefs, knowledge, and understanding of the world?
·
Mores
·
Symbolic language
·
Cultural transmission
·
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
CONCEPT
Symbols and Language
13
Which of the following statements about cultural rules is correct?
·
Norms are formal and informal rules of conduct for the members of a society.
·
Mores are proscriptive bans on the worst conduct in society.
·
Taboos are elevated norms with moral dimensions that are widely observed.
·
Folkways are norms that determine what one should not do in a social situation.
CONCEPT
Norms
14
One justification for punishing criminals is that fear of punishment will prevent people from breaking the law.
This is known as __________.Â
·
rehabilitation
·
deterrence
·
due process
·
retribution
CONCEPT
Justice System and Punishment
15
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
·
Ideal culture consists of the positive cultural images that we have of ourselves.
·
Ideal culture is the culture as it is practiced.
·
Real culture is the culture as it is practiced.
CONCEPT
Real and Ideal Culture
16
Ben no longer believes in the legitimacy of the authority and power figures in his life. According to control theory, he is now more likely to act out in deviant ways.
According to control theory, which of the following forces of control no longer restrains Ben's behavior?
·
Attachment
·
Opportunity
·
Belief
·
Involvement
CONCEPT
Control Theory
17
Which of the following is NOT an example of a community-based correction procedure?
·
Parole
·
Probation
·
The death penalty
·
None of the answer choices are correct.
CONCEPT
Societal Protection
18
Jina works as a home health aide for elderly patients. She decides to steal cash and inexpensive items from a patient's home.Â
Jina plans to commit which of the following types of crime?
·
Crime against property
·
Crime against the person
·
Victimless crime
CONCEPT
Types of Crime
19
In one of your classes, you meet someone whose appearance, speech, and expressed beliefs are different from your own.
This is an example of encountering __________.
·
high culture
·
a different culture
·
culture shock
·
a different norm
CONCEPT
Culture and Society
20
The increasing influence of medicine and psychiatry in our society has resulted in a phenomenon known as __________, which describes behavior in terms of health and illness, rather than morality.
·
differential association theory
·
the medicalization of deviance
·
stigma
·
retrospective labeling
CONCEPT
Labeling Theory
21
According to conflict theory, why do high-status, white collar criminals sometimes receive special treatment, including less-severe sentences, than people of lower socioeconomic status?
·
Most of them are celebrities.
·
None of the answer choices are correct.
·
They possess the resources necessary to avoid the deviant labels.
·
The crimes they commit are not as violent or harmful to society.
CONCEPT
Conflict Theory and Deviance
22
Why are women and minority groups more likely to be labeled as deviant by society?
·
All of the answer choices are correct.
·
Society wants more female deviants than male deviants.
·
They are naturally more deviant than men and non-minority groups.
·
Women and minorities face more constraints, and are subject to more rules.
CONCEPT
Â
1
The fundamental basis of our culture is __________, which enables us to communicate shared perspectives about the past, present, and future.Â
·
mores
·
language
·
deviance
·
sociobiology
CONCEPT
Symbols and Language
2
__________ asserts that all aspects of culture are connected and affect each other.
·
Strain theory
·
Cultural lag
·
Cultural integration
·
Control theory
CONCEPT
Cultural Change and Integration
3
Tim, a U.S. citizen, visits Spain. He is used to having dinner at 7 PM, but most Spanish people eat later, at 9 or 10 PM. Tim realizes that eating later makes sense in the Spanish culture, so it is not "wrong."Â
Tim uses which of the following perspectives on culture?
·
Ethnocentrism
·
Cultural universal
·
Cultural relativism
·
Culture shock
CONCEPT
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
4
Taken together, what do feminist theories of deviance assert about why women are labeled as deviant more often than men?
·
Women have been subject to control by men. Because they have had less power to label behavior as deviant, they have been labeled as deviant more often than men.
·
The labels applied to women by men cause women to "act out" in deviant ways.
·
Women belong to fewer groups that constrain their behavior than men. As a result, there are fewer restraints to prevent women from "acting out" in a deviant fashion.
CONCEPT
Race, Gender and Deviance
5
After moving to a new school, Anthony wants to join a new group of friends. He notices that the people he sits with at lunch on the first day of class use words in ways that are new to him (e.g., they say "bad" to mean "good"). They also shake hands in a unique way. Trying to fit in, Anthony adopts these subcultural behaviors.
Anthony attempts to learn the __________ of the group.
·
taboos
·
proscriptive norms
·
mores
·
folkways
CONCEPT
Norms
6
The Miami Heat (a professional basketball team) is an example of which of the following cultural concepts?
·
Monoculture
·
Subculture
·
Multiculturalism
·
Counterculture
CONCEPT
Subculture and Counterculture
7
Which of the following statements is NOT true of the Massachusetts Bay Puritans?
·
Puritan society experienced several crime waves.
·
The Puritans, a God-fearing and well-behaved society, created deviance as a functional necessity.
·
There was no deviance in Puritan society.
·
Despite changes in the nature of crime, the rates of deviance remained constant over time in Puritan society. This indicates that there was always some deviance in Puritan society.
CONCEPT
Functions of Deviance
8
Ben no longer believes in the legitimacy of the authority and power figures in his life. According to control theory, he is now more likely to act out in deviant ways.
According to control theory, which of the following forces of control no longer restrains Ben's behavior?
·
Belief
·
Involvement
·
Attachment
·
Opportunity
CONCEPT
Control Theory
9
Sociobiology is heavily influenced by __________.Â
·
Gerhard Lenski's five types of society
·
Robin Williams Jr.'s core values of American life
·
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution
CONCEPT
Sociobiology
10
Which of the following statements about differential association theory is true?
·
It is a theory that asserts that those who are in power set the rules.
·
It is a theory stating that the labels which we apply to people determine their behavior.
·
It is a theory that claims that a person's social group can determine his or her tendency toward deviance.
·
It is a theory that states that the inability to reach cultural goals legally causes deviance.
CONCEPT
Differential Association Theory
11
Which of the following terms describes crimes committed by people of relatively-high social standing while doing their jobs?
·
Hate crime
·
Organized crime
·
Corporate crime
·
White collar crime
CONCEPT
White Collar Crime and Organized Crime
12
When manufacturers and other businesses pollute the environment, causing problems for the surrounding community, they commit which of the following types of crime?
·
Organized crime
·
Corporate crime
·
Hate crime
·
White collar crime
CONCEPT
Types of Crime
13
At the height of the Roman Empire, criminals were publicly stoned to death.Â
A public display of punishment, including violent execution, is a method of __________ because it provides an example for the rest of society.
·
deterrence
·
retribution
·
force
·
retaliation
CONCEPT
Justice System and Punishment
14
Jack and Sherry argue about deviance among the youth of different races. Jack believes that poor African-American youth may "act out" in deviant ways because they cannot achieve cultural goals, including wealth and success, by conventional means (e.g., through a college education and a good job).
Jack's comments best illustrate which of the following theories of deviance?
·
Conflict theory
·
Strain theory
·
Differential association theory
·
Control theory
CONCEPT
Strain Theory
15
What is the difference between real and ideal culture?
·
Ideal culture describes how people behave. Real culture describes a culture's positive image of itself.
·
Real culture consists of our values, beliefs, and norms. Ideal culture consists of our taboos.
·
Real culture describes how people behave. Ideal culture describes a culture's positive image of itself.
·
Real culture consists of our cultural values. Ideal culture consists of our cultural beliefs.
CONCEPT
Real and Ideal Culture
16
According to sociologist Robin Williams Jr., which of the following are core values of American life?
·
Racism and group superiorityÂ
·
Science
·
All of the answer choices are correct.Â
·
Equal opportunity
CONCEPT
Values and Beliefs
17
The argument that those who challenge the capitalist system will be controlled by the criminal justice system illustrates which of the following theories of crime and deviance?
·
Labeling theory
·
Control theory
·
Conflict theory
·
Differential association theory
CONCEPT
Conflict Theory and Deviance
18
Which of the following is a process that consists of four stages: hunting and gathering, horticulture and pastoralism, agriculture, and industry?
·
Eurocentrism
·
Technology
·
Social organization
·
Post-industrialism
CONCEPT
Lenski's Five Types of Society
19
In one of your classes, you meet someone whose appearance, speech, and expressed beliefs are different from your own.
This is an example of encountering __________.
·
culture shock
·
a different culture
·
a different norm
·
high culture
CONCEPT
Culture and Society
20
The increasing influence of medicine and psychiatry in our society has resulted in a phenomenon known as __________, which describes behavior in terms of health and illness, rather than morality.
·
retrospective labeling
·
the medicalization of deviance
·
differential association theory
·
stigma
CONCEPT
Labeling Theory
21
Which of the following arguments is NOT made by supporters of multiculturalism?
·
It encourages understanding of one's cultural heritage.Â
·
It encourages divisiveness and racial separation.
·
None of the answer choices are correct.
·
It is a way of accepting society's increasing diversity.
CONCEPT
Multiculturalism
22
Which of the following is an example of a community-based correction?
·
Death penalty
·
Retribution
·
Parole
·
Societal protection
1
After a series of violent murders, a town in rural Arkansas came together to mourn the loss of the victims.
Which of the following functions of deviance does this scenario best illustrate?Â
·
Deviance unifies society.
·
Deviance promotes social change.
·
Deviance clarifies our cultural values.
·
Deviance defines our collective morality.
CONCEPT
Functions of Deviance
2
According to sociologist Robin Williams Jr., which of the following are core values of American life?
·
All of the answer choices are correct.Â
·
Equal opportunity
·
Racism and group superiorityÂ
·
Science
CONCEPT
Values and Beliefs
3
Eric is an anthropologist who is studying semi-nomadic sheep herding societies in Mongolia. Eric notices that all the shepherds wear a red pendant around their necks. The pendant is believed to have religious significance.Â
The red pendant is an example of __________.
·
superstition
·
material culture
·
technology
·
non-material culture
CONCEPT
Culture and Society
4
Which of the following statements about cultural relativism is FALSE?Â
·
It asserts that moral standards vary from society to society.
·
It requires judgment of other cultures according to the standards of our own culture.
·
It requires openness to unfamiliar values and norms.
·
It requires judgment of a culture according to its own standards.
CONCEPT
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
5
The mafia is an example of which of the following types of crime?
·
Hate crime
·
Organized crime
·
White collar crime
·
Corporate crime
CONCEPT
White Collar Crime and Organized Crime
6
Ben no longer believes in the legitimacy of the authority and power figures in his life. According to control theory, he is now more likely to act out in deviant ways.
According to control theory, which of the following forces of control no longer restrains Ben's behavior?
·
Attachment
·
Opportunity
·
Belief
·
Involvement
CONCEPT
Control Theory
7
Why are women and minority groups more likely to be labeled as deviant by society?
·
All of the answer choices are correct.
·
Women and minorities face more constraints, and are subject to more rules.
·
Society wants more female deviants than male deviants.
·
They are naturally more deviant than men and non-minority groups.
CONCEPT
Race, Gender and Deviance
8
After moving to a new school, Anthony wants to join a new group of friends. He notices that the people he sits with at lunch on the first day of class use words in ways that are new to him (e.g., they say "bad" to mean "good"). They also shake hands in a unique way. Trying to fit in, Anthony adopts these subcultural behaviors.
Anthony attempts to learn the __________ of the group.
·
folkways
·
mores
·
proscriptive norms
·
taboos
CONCEPT
Norms
9
Which of the following is NOT part of due process in the United States?
·
A right to a trial
·
A right to be granted parole
·
A right to an attorney
·
AÂ right to know the charges against you
CONCEPT
Justice System and Punishment
10
Sociobiology is heavily influenced by __________.Â
·
Gerhard Lenski's five types of society
·
Robin Williams Jr.'s core values of American life
·
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution
CONCEPT
Sociobiology
11
Which of the following arguments is NOT made by supporters of multiculturalism?
·
It encourages understanding of one's cultural heritage.Â
·
It is a way of accepting society's increasing diversity.
·
It encourages divisiveness and racial separation.
·
None of the answer choices are correct.
CONCEPT
Multiculturalism
12
The Miami Heat (a professional basketball team) is an example of which of the following cultural concepts?
·
Counterculture
·
Monoculture
·
Multiculturalism
·
Subculture
CONCEPT
Subculture and Counterculture
13
Jack and Sherry argue about deviance among the youth of different races. Jack believes that poor African-American youth may "act out" in deviant ways because they cannot achieve cultural goals, including wealth and success, by conventional means (e.g., through a college education and a good job).
Jack's comments best illustrate which of the following theories of deviance?
·
Control theory
·
Strain theory
·
Conflict theory
·
Differential association theory
CONCEPT
Strain Theory
14
What is the difference between real and ideal culture?
·
Ideal culture describes how people behave. Real culture describes a culture's positive image of itself.
·
Real culture describes how people behave. Ideal culture describes a culture's positive image of itself.
·
Real culture consists of our cultural values. Ideal culture consists of our cultural beliefs.
·
Real culture consists of our values, beliefs, and norms. Ideal culture consists of our taboos.
CONCEPT
Real and Ideal Culture
15
What is the primary basis for cultural transmission that enables us to share beliefs and perspectives from one generation to the next?
·
Sociobiology
·
Subculture
·
Cultural relativism
·
Language and symbols
CONCEPT
Symbols and Language
16
Which of the following is a process that consists of four stages: hunting and gathering, horticulture and pastoralism, agriculture, and industry?
·
Post-industrialism
·
Eurocentrism
·
Social organization
·
Technology
CONCEPT
Lenski's Five Types of Society
17
Beginning in the 1970s and continuing through the present, an increasing number of deviant acts have been characterized in the U.S. as illnesses requiring treatment, rather than as crimes requiring punishment.
This process is called which of the following?
·
Institutionalization of deviance
·
Stigmatization of deviance
·
Medicalization of deviance
·
Feminization of deviance
CONCEPT
Labeling Theory
18
Which of the following is an example of a community-based correction?
·
Retribution
·
Death penalty
·
Parole
·
Societal protection
CONCEPT
Societal Protection
19
When manufacturers and other businesses pollute the environment, causing problems for the surrounding community, they commit which of the following types of crime?
·
White collar crime
·
Hate crime
·
Corporate crime
·
Organized crime
CONCEPT
Types of Crime
20
The argument that those who challenge the capitalist system will be controlled by the criminal justice system illustrates which of the following theories of crime and deviance?
·
Control theory
·
Conflict theory
·
Differential association theory
·
Labeling theory
CONCEPT
Conflict Theory and Deviance
21
Who was Edwin Sutherland?
·
An anthropologist who theorized differential association
·
AÂ sociologist and criminologist who theorized differential association
·
A sociologist and criminologist who theorized social conflict
·
An anthropologist who theorized social conflict
CONCEPT
Differential Association Theory
22
The nine-month school year was developed in the 19th century to coincide with the farming calendar. Although most Americans no longer live or work on farms, most school systems continue to use the nine-month calendar.
This is an example of __________.
·
cultural lag
·
subculture
·
cultural integration
·
ideal culture
CONCEPT
Cultural Change and Integration
Â
The argument that every social institution (including the law) supports the interests of the rich is part of which of the following theories?
·
Labeling theory
·
Control theory
·
Conflict theory
·
Differential association theory
Â
Which of the following statements about sociobiology is true?
·
Sociobiology works to disprove Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
·
Sociobiology has no explanation for cultural universals.
·
Sociobiology examines the biological factors that shape culture.
Â
Caitlin is an archaeologist who is writing her dissertation on the Mayan rite of human sacrifice. She travels to Central America and examines Mayan ruins and cultural artifacts. She attempts to make inferences about their cultural worldview and beliefs. By doing do, she hopes to better understand the sacrifice ritual.Â
Caitlin tries to understand the Mayans' __________ by investigating their material culture.Â
·
non-material culture
·
technology
·
society
Â
Which of the following statements about strain theory is true?
·
Strain theory argues that group associations explain why people engage in deviant behavior.
·
Strain theory was developed by Robert K. Merton.
·
Strain theory argues that people always conform because they want to get ahead.
Â
 asserts that all aspects of culture are connected and affect each other.
·
Strain theory
·
Control theory
·
Cultural lag
·
Cultural integration
Â
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a crime against the person?
·
Sexual assaultÂ
·
Burglary and vandalism of a convenience store
·
A fist fight between two people, leading to injuries and intervention by law enforcement
Â
Which of the following terms best describes the social process through which we share beliefs, knowledge, and understanding of the world?
·
Symbolic language
·
Mores
·
Cultural transmission
·
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Â
Â