SmartExpert
$30/per page/Negotiable
Introduction to Sociology Milestone 4 Answer Sophia Course
Click below Link for Answers
1
Before affirmative action laws were implemented as a result of the civil rights movement, there was nothing to prevent employment discrimination against people of color.Â
What type of discrimination is illustrated by this example?
·
Institutional prejudice
·
Prejudice
·
Racism
·
Institutional discrimination
CONCEPT
Discrimination
2
Which of the following is NOT one of the key principles of feminism?
·
Support for social equality for women and men
·
Ending violence against women
·
Support for a right to choose regarding sexuality and reproductionÂ
·
Promoting the superiority of women over men
CONCEPT
Feminism
3
Which of the following theories argues that certain people hold more prejudiced beliefs than others because of their inflexible personalities?
·
Culture theory
·
Conflict theory
·
Scapegoat theory
·
Authoritarian personality theory
CONCEPT
Theories of Inequality in Race
4
Which the following is an example of colonialism?
·
Spain builds permanent settlements in South America for economic gain.Â
·
The British establish a presence in India during the years of the opium trade.
·
All of the answer choices are correct.
·
European countries establish roots in the Caribbean region to gain access to sugarcane.Â
CONCEPT
Colonialism and Neocolonialism
5
Which of the following statements is consistent with Immanuel Wallerstein's model of the capitalist world economy?
·
Colonization fueled the growth of a global economy.
·
Foreign debt contributes to the dependence of poor nations on rich nations.
·
Middle-income countries form the global economy's semi-periphery.
·
All of the answer choices are correct.
CONCEPT
Capitalist World Economy
6
A professor has social prestige, but not much economic wealth.Â
A professor, therefore, does not have __________.
·
status consistency
·
a place in a meritocracy
·
class position
·
social mobility
CONCEPT
Class System
7
Which of the following identifies a society with a system of stratification that allows almost no social mobility?
·
Meritocracy
·
BureaucracyÂ
·
Closed society or caste system
·
Open society or class system
CONCEPT
Social Stratification
8
Which of the following is a characteristic of fundamentalism?
·
Fundamentalists are intolerant of other people's beliefs.
·
Fundamentalists believe in a literal interpretation of sacred texts, inlcuding the Bible.
·
Both of the answer choices are correct.
CONCEPT
Religious Organizations
9
Which of the following is NOT a claim made by the Davis Moore Thesis?
·
All societies have experienced social stratification of some kind.
·
In a division of labor, some jobs are more functional for the maintenance of society than others.
·
Social stratification will decrease (or vanish) when a society reaches the period of post-industrialism.
·
Social stratification is a functional need of society because it ensures that all classes of jobs will be filled.
CONCEPT
Davis Moore Thesis and the Egalitarian Society
10
Brazil and Iran are examples of which of the following?
·
Core countries
·
Low-income countries
·
Middle-income countries
·
High-income countries
CONCEPT
High, Middle and Low Income Countries
11
Sweatshop workers are affected by the practice of __________, in which employers charge employees for necessities (e.g., housing), but don't pay them enough to cover those costs.
·
chattel slavery
·
 human trafficking
·
debt bondage
·
child slavery
CONCEPT
Slavery and Human Trafficking
12
Which of the following is true of sexual harassment?
·
Sexual harassment is not a social problem.
·
It never happens in the workplace.
·
Men experience more sexual harassment than women.Â
·
Women experience more sexual harassment than men.
CONCEPT
Problems in Gender Inequality
13
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major functions of religion identified by sociologist Emile Durkheim?
·
Creating discord and conflict about religious beliefs
·
Promoting conformity to certain social norms
·
Bonding through rituals, customs, and symbols
·
Providing people with a sense of purpose and comfort
CONCEPT
Functions of Religion
14
Which of the following statements is consistent with the conclusions anthropologist Margaret Mead drew from her research on societies in New Guinea?
·
Mead found that masculinity and femininity were defined similarly across cultures.
·
Mead discovered that cultural differences are more important than biological differences in shaping gender role expectations.
·
Mead concluded that gender is based on biological differences.
CONCEPT
Gender and Gender Stratification
15
James has strong negative attitudes towards immigrants. He believes that immigrants are the reason why he doesn't have a job.
James' beliefs about immigrants are an example of which of the following?
·
Discrimination
·
Prejudice
·
Ethnic discrimination
·
Racism
CONCEPT
Race and Ethnicity: Prejudice and Racism
16
Which of the following is a correct pairing?
·
Intersectionality
The theory of how race influences opportunities
·
Gender roles
Socially-structured responsibilities that are part of being male or female
·
Gender roles
Discrimination based on sex
·
Patriarchy
Rule by females
CONCEPT
Gender Roles and Sexism
17
Which of the following claims is supported by the Kuznets curve?
·
Equality in society starts to decrease during the period of industrialization.
·
Inequality is very low in societies that are not technologically advanced.
·
There is no clear relationship between technology and inequality.
CONCEPT
Kuznets Curve
18
Classmates Jenna and Damion discuss some of the topics that have come up in their sociology course.
Jenna says, (A) "__________ is a problem in the United States, because there are too many people living in shelters and on the streets."
Damion replies, "That's true, but the best way to deal with the problem is through trickle-down economics and (B) __________ — giving tax breaks to corporations so that they will create jobs."
·
(A) Homelessness, (B) individual welfare
·
(A) Homelessness, (B) corporate welfare
·
(A) Relative poverty, (B) individual welfare
·
(A) Functional poverty, (B) corporate welfare
CONCEPT
Poverty, Welfare and Power
19
According to Karl Marx, __________ experience exploitation and inequality.Â
·
capitalists
·
colonial powers
·
imperial powersÂ
·
proletarians
CONCEPT
Marx and Class Conflict
20
Which of the following is true of ethnic categories in the United States?
·
The meaning of ethnic categories in the United States is not subject to social changes and current events.
·
Ethnic categories are natural categories that reflect biological differences between people.
·
Ethnic categories are not related to a geographic location of origin (e.g., to a country of origin).
·
Ethnic categories are socially constructed attributes that are given meaning by people in society.
CONCEPT
Race and Ethnicity in the US
21
Thorstein Veblen coined the term __________ to describe the outrageous display of wealth and symbols of wealth.
·
white-collar
·
capitalism
·
meritocracy
·
conspicuous consumption
CONCEPT
Income, Wealth, and Occupations
22
According to Rostow's stages of modernization, in which stage do luxuries become necessities to most of society?
·
Traditional stage
·
Stage of mass consumptionÂ
·
Take-off stage
·
Stage of highly-advanced technology
CONCEPT
Modernization and Dependency Theory
23
The attacks on members of the Tutsi tribe by Hutus (another tribe in Rwanda), which were intended to eliminate the Tutsis, are an example of __________.
·
genocide
·
apartheid
·
segregation
·
pluralism
Â
1
Which theory states that poverty, and the poor, are necessary for society to run smoothly?
·
Structural-functional theory
·
Social conflict theory
Â
·
Social exchange theory
·
Symbolic interaction theory
CONCEPT
Davis Moore Thesis and the Egalitarian Society
2
Which of the following statements is consistent with the conclusions anthropologist Margaret Mead drew from her research on societies in New Guinea?
·
Mead found that masculinity and femininity were defined similarly across cultures.
·
Mead discovered that cultural differences are more important than biological differences in shaping gender role expectations.
·
Mead concluded that gender is based on biological differences.
CONCEPT
Gender and Gender Stratification
3
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major functions of religion identified by sociologist Emile Durkheim?
·
Promoting conformity to certain social norms
·
Bonding through rituals, customs, and symbols
·
Providing people with a sense of purpose and comfort
·
Creating discord and conflict about religious beliefs
CONCEPT
Functions of Religion
4
Which of the following identifies a society with a system of stratification that allows almost no social mobility?
·
Open society or class system
·
Meritocracy
·
BureaucracyÂ
·
Closed society or caste system
CONCEPT
Social Stratification
5
The Kuznets curve is a graphical representation of which of the following ideas?
·
Technological advances increase inequality in society before decreasing it.
·
Technological advances always lead to less inequality.
·
Technological advances have an unpredictable relationship to social inequality.
·
Technological advances always lead to more inequality.
CONCEPT
Kuznets Curve
6
Classmates Jenna and Damion discuss some of the topics that have come up in their sociology course.
Jenna says, (A) "__________ is a problem in the United States, because there are too many people living in shelters and on the streets."
Damion replies, "That's true, but the best way to deal with the problem is through trickle-down economics and (B) __________ — giving tax breaks to corporations so that they will create jobs."
·
(A) Functional poverty, (B) corporate welfare
·
(A) Homelessness, (B) corporate welfare
·
(A) Relative poverty, (B) individual welfare
·
(A) Homelessness, (B) individual welfare
CONCEPT
Poverty, Welfare and Power
7
Throughout much of American history, black and white people were separated from each other. People were restricted to designated restaurants, schools, and public places, based on their race. They were not allowed to use facilities designated for the other race.
This period in American history is an example of which of the following?
·
Stereotyping
·
Segregation
·
Miscegenation
·
Pluralism
CONCEPT
Inequalities in Patterns of Interaction
8
Which of the following statements accurately reflects world systems theory?
·
Rich countries form the core of the world economy and economically exploit poor countries that are situated on the periphery.
·
The core of the world economy consists of low-income nations that produce most of the world's goods.
·
Semi-peripheral countries exploit those on the periphery, and are not exploited by those at the core.
CONCEPT
Capitalist World Economy
9
__________ refers to exploitation and domination by multinational corporations.Â
·
Neocolonialism
·
Dependency theory
·
Colonialism
·
Modernization theory
CONCEPT
Colonialism and Neocolonialism
10
Which of the following is a correct pairing?
·
Sexual harassment
Harassment that always occurs in the home
·
Feminism
A position that promotes female dominance over men
·
Sexual harassment
Harassment that only involves physical contact
·
Feminism
Support for equality between men and women
CONCEPT
Problems in Gender Inequality
11
Marx's term for those who control the means of production is __________.
·
proletarians
·
socialists
·
capitalistsÂ
·
alienators
CONCEPT
Marx and Class Conflict
12
Which of the following is a characteristic of fundamentalism?
·
Fundamentalists are intolerant of other people's beliefs.
·
Fundamentalists believe in a literal interpretation of sacred texts, inlcuding the Bible.
·
Both of the answer choices are correct.
CONCEPT
Religious Organizations
13
Scandinavians (people who live in northern European countries including Norway, Sweden, and Finland) are an example of which of the following?
·
An ethnic group
·
A minority group
·
A racial group
CONCEPT
Race and Ethnicity: Prejudice and Racism
14
Compared to other countries, China and Peru have an average standard of living.Â
China and Peru, therefore, are examples of which of the following?
·
Middle-income countries
·
Low-income countries
·
Core countries
·
High-income countries
CONCEPT
High, Middle and Low Income Countries
15
Sweatshop workers are affected by the practice of __________, in which employers charge employees for necessities (e.g., housing), but don't pay them enough to cover those costs.
·
chattel slavery
·
child slavery
·
 human trafficking
·
debt bondage
CONCEPT
Slavery and Human Trafficking
16
Jim earns $100,000 a year at his job. He owes $20,000 a year for his home mortgage payment, and $30,000 a year for his combined cabin, boat, and car payments.Â
What is Jim's yearly accumulated wealth before he spends anything on himself or his family?
·
$55,000
·
$50,000
·
$100,000
·
$30,000
CONCEPT
Income, Wealth, and Occupations
17
Both white ethnic Americans and white Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs) are white.Â
What is the difference between these two ethnic groups?
·
White ethnic Americans trace their ancestry to the original inhabitants of North America; WASPs trace their ancestry to English Protestant groups.
·
White ethnic Americans descend from disadvantaged Europeans; WASPs descend from English Protestants.
·
White ethnic Americans trace their ancestry to white Europeans; WASPs are descended from disadvantaged English Protestants.
·
None of the answer choices are correct.
CONCEPT
Race and Ethnicity in the US
18
A nation that has increased its standard of living so that most people can now acquire many products and services whenever they want, is in which of Rostow's stages of modernization?
·
Traditional stage
·
High mass consumption
·
Drive to technological maturity
·
Take-off stage
CONCEPT
Modernization and Dependency Theory
19
Researchers have found that, even when income and neighborhood quality are similar, banks are more likely to reject home mortgage applications from minority applicants than from white people.
This is an example of which of the following?
·
Stereotyping
·
Prejudice
·
Institutionalized discrimination
·
Miscegenation
CONCEPT
Discrimination
20
When the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union dissolved, many people experienced __________ because these large social changes impacted their life circumstances and position in society.
·
the dissolution of a caste system
·
the transition to a class system
·
the transition to a meritocracy
·
structural social mobility
CONCEPT
Class System
21
In many societies, men are expected to be tough and aggressive.
This is an example of __________, behaviors that society deems appropriate for men or women.
·
intersectionality
·
sexism
·
gender stratification
·
a gender role
CONCEPT
Gender Roles and Sexism
22
Which of the following is NOT one of the key principles of feminism?
·
Promoting the superiority of women over men
·
Support for social equality for women and men
·
Support for a right to choose regarding sexuality and reproductionÂ
·
Ending violence against women
CONCEPT
Feminism
23
Which of the following theories argues that certain people hold more prejudiced beliefs than others because of their inflexible personalities?
·
Authoritarian personality theory
·
Culture theory
·
Conflict theory
·
Scapegoat theory
1
Which of the following theories argues that certain people hold more prejudiced beliefs than others because of their inflexible personalities?
·
Culture theory
·
Conflict theory
·
Authoritarian personality theory
·
Scapegoat theory
CONCEPT
Theories of Inequality in Race
2
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major functions of religion identified by sociologist Emile Durkheim?
·
Providing people with a sense of purpose and comfort
·
Bonding through rituals, customs, and symbols
·
Promoting conformity to certain social norms
·
Creating discord and conflict about religious beliefs
CONCEPT
Functions of Religion
3
Scandinavians (people who live in northern European countries including Norway, Sweden, and Finland) are an example of which of the following?
·
A minority group
·
An ethnic group
·
A racial group
CONCEPT
Race and Ethnicity: Prejudice and Racism
4
Which of the following claims is supported by the Kuznets curve?
·
Inequality is very low in societies that are not technologically advanced.
·
Equality in society starts to decrease during the period of industrialization.
·
There is no clear relationship between technology and inequality.
CONCEPT
Kuznets Curve
5
Which of the following is true of sexual harassment?
·
Sexual harassment is not a social problem.
·
Women experience more sexual harassment than men.
·
Men experience more sexual harassment than women.Â
·
It never happens in the workplace.
CONCEPT
Problems in Gender Inequality
6
According to Karl Marx, __________ experience exploitation and inequality.Â
·
imperial powersÂ
·
capitalists
·
proletarians
·
colonial powers
CONCEPT
Marx and Class Conflict
7
Which of the following is a characteristic of fundamentalism?
·
Fundamentalists are intolerant of other people's beliefs.
·
Fundamentalists believe in a literal interpretation of sacred texts, inlcuding the Bible.
·
Both of the answer choices are correct.
CONCEPT
Religious Organizations
8
A professor has social prestige, but not much economic wealth.Â
A professor, therefore, does not have __________.
·
class position
·
a place in a meritocracy
·
status consistency
·
social mobility
CONCEPT
Class System
9
Which of the following statements accurately reflects world systems theory?
·
Semi-peripheral countries exploit those on the periphery, and are not exploited by those at the core.
·
The core of the world economy consists of low-income nations that produce most of the world's goods.
·
Rich countries form the core of the world economy and economically exploit poor countries that are situated on the periphery.
CONCEPT
Capitalist World Economy
10
According to __________, gender is a socially-constructed concept that has a significant impact on our lives.
·
 pluralism
·
intersectionality
·
feminism
·
miscegenation
CONCEPT
Feminism
11
Both white ethnic Americans and white Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs) are white.Â
What is the difference between these two ethnic groups?
·
White ethnic Americans trace their ancestry to the original inhabitants of North America; WASPs trace their ancestry to English Protestant groups.
·
White ethnic Americans descend from disadvantaged Europeans; WASPs descend from English Protestants.
·
White ethnic Americans trace their ancestry to white Europeans; WASPs are descended from disadvantaged English Protestants.
·
None of the answer choices are correct.
CONCEPT
Race and Ethnicity in the US
12
In some parts of the world, arranged marriages bind women to men they did not choose to marry.Â
These arrangements are an example of which of the following types of slavery?
·
Economic slavery
·
Servile forms of marriage
·
Indentured slavery
·
Sex slavery
CONCEPT
Slavery and Human Trafficking
13
Which of the following is NOT a claim made by the Davis Moore Thesis?
·
Social stratification will decrease (or vanish) when a society reaches the period of post-industrialism.
·
Social stratification is a functional need of society because it ensures that all classes of jobs will be filled.
·
In a division of labor, some jobs are more functional for the maintenance of society than others.
·
All societies have experienced social stratification of some kind.
CONCEPT
Davis Moore Thesis and the Egalitarian Society
14
A nation that has increased its standard of living so that most people can now acquire many products and services whenever they want, is in which of Rostow's stages of modernization?
·
Take-off stage
·
Drive to technological maturity
·
High mass consumption
·
Traditional stage
CONCEPT
Modernization and Dependency Theory
15
The form of poverty in which a person meets all of his or her basic needs, but has no savings is called __________.
·
egalitarianismÂ
·
relative poverty
·
class conflict
·
functional poverty
CONCEPT
Poverty, Welfare and Power
16
Before affirmative action laws were implemented as a result of the civil rights movement, there was nothing to prevent employment discrimination against people of color.Â
What type of discrimination is illustrated by this example?
·
Institutional prejudice
·
Prejudice
·
Institutional discrimination
·
Racism
CONCEPT
Discrimination
17
Monica and Marta discuss their plans for life after school. Earlier in the day, a guidance counselor visited their class and encouraged students to "be the best you can be." Monica scoffed at the guidance counselor's words and told Marta, "We're part of a minority group (Mexican immigrants). Our families don't have much money, and we're female. The cards are stacked against us."
Monica's comments indicate which of the following sociological concepts?
·
Intersectionality
·
Sexism
·
Matriarchy
·
Classism
CONCEPT
Gender Roles and Sexism
18
Compared to other countries, China and Peru have an average standard of living.Â
China and Peru, therefore, are examples of which of the following?
·
Core countries
·
Low-income countries
·
Middle-income countries
·
High-income countries
CONCEPT
High, Middle and Low Income Countries
19
Which of the following societies has the highest degree of social mobility?
·
Pre-industrial societies
·
Societies with the caste system
·
Societies with the class system
·
Closed societies
CONCEPT
Social Stratification
20
Throughout most of the 20th century, South Africa had which of the following social characteristics?
·
Meritocracy
·
Caste system
·
Apartheid
·
Equality
CONCEPT
Inequalities in Patterns of Interaction
21
Wealth and status are important social indicators in America. Although he wouldn't admit it, Bob feels a sense of satisfaction when he puts on an expensive suit, drives his new car to pick up his date, and takes her to an exclusive restaurant.Â
Bob's behavior illustrates which of the following?
·
Conspicuous consumption
·
Social mobility
·
Wealth
·
Socioeconomic status
CONCEPT
Income, Wealth, and Occupations
22
Which of the following is an example of neocolonialism?
·
The United States invades Iraq and works to build a democratic nation.
·
The United States facilitates the assassination of a socialist president so that a capitalist military leader can come to power in Chile.
·
Spanish settlers establish a colony in South America.
·
A multinational mining corporation gains control of the tin mines in Bolivia through close ties with (and payments to) the Bolivian government.
CONCEPT
Colonialism and Neocolonialism
23
What central insight did anthropologist Margaret Mead achieve as a result of her research on gender in New Guinea?
·
Mead found that gender roles and behaviors are based on human biological differences.
·
Mead found that differences in gender roles and behaviors are culturally-patterned, and do not reflect biological differences.
·
Mead found no real differences between gender roles across societies.
·
Mead found that men always did the cooking, and that this must have some biological basis.
CONCEPT
Â
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a response to which of the following?
·
Assimilation
·
Institutional discrimination
·
Prejudice
·
Miscegenation
Â
Gary says he is prejudiced because his father was prejudiced. He believes that prejudicial attitudes are part of our society and are passed from generation to generation.
Gary's comments illustrate which of the following theories of prejudice?
·
Conflict theoryÂ
·
Culture theoryÂ
·
Authoritarian personality theoryÂ
·
Scapegoat theoryÂ
Â
Which of the following statements about Emile Durkheim's perspective on religion is true?
·
Durkheim believed religion serves as a form of social solidarity, joining people together through rituals, customs, and symbols.
·
Durkheim asserted that religion is based on sacred beliefs and rituals.
·
All of the answer choices are correct.
·
Durkheim saw religion as crucial to the continued maintenance of society.
Â
Â
Which of the following justifications did southern states give for secession?
·
The North had encouraged slaves to vote for Abraham Lincoln.
·
Abraham Lincoln had emancipated all slaves, which southerners saw as unjust seizure of property.
·
Southerners were unjustly deprived of property rights by restrictions on where slaves could be owned.
·
The southern states wanted a stronger national government that represented their own interests.
Â
Â
According to __________, technological development and market forces drive economic inequality.
·
dependency theory
·
the Davis Moore Thesis
·
the Kuznets curve
Â
The argument that everyone is prejudiced in some way is central to which of the following theories of prejudice?
·
Conflict theory
·
Culture theory
·
Authoritarian personality theory
·
Scapegoat theory
Â
The division of labor includes a variety of positions, from doctors to truck drivers.Â
According to Davis and Moore, why are some positions better-paid than others?
·
If all positions were paid (approximately) equally, there would be no incentive to enter professions that are most-needed by society.
·
None of the answer choices are correct.
·
Some positions have a higher status. Those who work in those positions earn more.
·
Some positions are filled only by upper-class people, who demand higher pay.
Â
Â