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Introduction to Sociology Final Exam Sophia Course

Introduction to Sociology Final Exam Sophia Course

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The increasing influence of medicine and psychiatry in our society has resulted in a phenomenon known as __________, which describes behavior in terms of health and illness, rather than morality.

differential association theory

retrospective labeling

the medicalization of deviance

stigma

CONCEPT

Labeling Theory

Abigail enrolls in a large university that is several hours away from the small town in which she grew up. There were only 50 students per grade in her high school, but more than 40,000 students attend the university. As Abigail prepares to pledge to a sorority, she conforms to the attitudes and behavior of sorority members.

The process in which Abigail learns the social behaviors of the group to which she wants to belong is called __________ socialization.

anticipatory

assimilation

intrapersonal

cultural

CONCEPT

Socialization: Peer Groups and Media

Which of the following statements about symbolic interaction theory is true?

It states that how people understand a particular situation and event depends on their experiences.

It states that social interaction creates society.

All of the answer choices are correct.

It has a micro-level orientation.

CONCEPT

Social Construction of Reality

Which of the following is NOT a correct pairing?

Dramaturgical analysis

Front stage and back stage

Dramaturgical analysis

Social life is like a theater

Dramaturgical analysis

Life is dramatic

Dramaturgical analysis

Erving Goffman

CONCEPT

Goffman's Dramaturgical Analysis

Which of the following is NOT a function of religion, as theorized by Emile Durkheim?

Religion promotes good behavior in adherence to shared norms.

Religion provides meaning for people.

Religion promotes social solidarity and group cohesion.

Religion lessens the severity of deviance in society.

CONCEPT

Functions of Religion

Which of the following statements is consistent with the conclusions anthropologist Margaret Mead drew from her research on societies in New Guinea?

Mead concluded that gender is based on biological differences.

Mead discovered that cultural differences are more important than biological differences in shaping gender role expectations.

Mead found that masculinity and femininity were defined similarly across cultures.

CONCEPT

Gender and Gender Stratification

Which of the following terms describes how the introduction of new technology in society can cause parts of a culture to change at different rates?

Sociocultural evolution

Cultural integration

Cultural lag

Cultural transmission

CONCEPT

Cultural Change and Integration

Sheila is a single mother who works but can't seem to get ahead. Most of Sheila's friends, and many of her coworkers at the diner where she is employed, are single mothers who live in poverty too.

Sheila and her friends reflect which of the following trends in society?

The feminization of poverty

The rise in the need for individual welfare

Functional poverty

The rise in the need for corporate welfare

CONCEPT

Poverty, Welfare and Power

A controlled environment that is set apart from the rest of society and attempts to fundamentally change all past behaviors is called __________.

a hospital

a rehabilitation clinic

a boot camp

a total institution

CONCEPT

Resocialization and Total Institutions

Because income level can impact health, Gemma uses data on unemployment rates to determine the extent to which obesity will increase in the next few decades.

In this example, Gemma uses __________ statistics.

qualitative

secondary

descriptive

inferential

CONCEPT

Statistics

Which of the following theoretical approaches analyzes how racial conflicts affect society?

Social conflict theory

Race conflict theory

Symbolic interaction theory

Gender conflict theory

CONCEPT

Race Conflict Theory

Which of the following statements about differential association theory is true?

It is a theory that states that the inability to reach cultural goals legally causes deviance.

It is a theory that asserts that those who are in power set the rules.

It is a theory that claims that a person's social group can determine his or her tendency toward deviance.

It is a theory stating that the labels which we apply to people determine their behavior.

CONCEPT

Differential Association Theory

Which of the following statements about social change is true?

Inequality and conflict within society produce social change.

All of the answer choices are correct.

Population patterns play a significant role in social change.

People tend to disagree about what is progress.

CONCEPT

Individuals and Modernity

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

Ecosystem

The study of how the environment is impacted by society

Ecosystem

Interactions of organisms with each other, and with the environment, in a specific location

I-PAT

Impact = population divided by affluence, divided by technology

Ecology

Interactions of organisms with each other, and with the environment, in a specific location

CONCEPT

Environmental Concepts

One justification for punishing criminals is that fear of punishment will prevent people from breaking the law.

This is known as __________.

deterrence

rehabilitation

retribution

due process

CONCEPT

Justice System and Punishment

Which of the following statements accurately defines urban ecology?

Cities are ecosystems in which meaningful interactions between people and the environment occur.

Cities cannot be understood in ecological terms.

Cities have displaced the natural ecology.

None of the answer choices are correct.

CONCEPT

Louis Wirth and Urban Ecology

Society forbids incest — sexual or marital relations between family members.

In this example, incest is a __________ — a societal rule so powerful that its violation is punishable by society.

counterculture

taboo

folkway

CONCEPT

Norms

__________ emphasizes empirical research, which focuses on the use of the scientific method, measurement, and statistics.

Value-relevant research

Verstehen

Value-free research

Positivistism

CONCEPT

Auguste Comte and Positivism

A nation that has increased its standard of living so that most people can now acquire many products and services whenever they want, is in which of Rostow's stages of modernization?

High mass consumption

Take-off stage

Drive to technological maturity

Traditional stage

CONCEPT

Modernization and Dependency Theory

Which of the following statements about symbolic interaction theory is true?

Symbolic interaction is an example of a micro-level approach.

Meaning is created when we interact with each other in society.

All of the answer choices are correct.

Patterns of social interaction, when repeated, develop into social institutions.

CONCEPT

Sociological Theory

Tammy and Michelle believe that capitalism perpetuates inequality between men and women. They organize a protest against the patriarchy entrenched in the capitalist system.

Tammy and Michelle are part of which of the following groups of feminists?

Modern feminists

Socialist feminists

Radical feminists

Liberal feminists

CONCEPT

Feminism

Throughout much of American history, black and white people were separated from each other. People were restricted to designated restaurants, schools, and public places, based on their race. They were not allowed to use facilities designated for the other race.

This period in American history is an example of which of the following?

Pluralism

Segregation

Miscegenation

Stereotyping

Stacy is an upper-class white woman from Minneapolis who marries an upper-class white man, Ken, who is from Cincinnati.

Stacy and Ken have which of the following types of marriage?

Polygamous

Homogamous

Exogamous

CONCEPT

Marriage Patterns

The attacks on members of the Tutsi tribe by Hutus (another tribe in Rwanda), which were intended to eliminate the Tutsis, are an example of __________.

genocide

apartheid

segregation

pluralism

CONCEPT

Inequalities in Patterns of Interaction

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

Sexual harassment

Harassment that always occurs in the home

Feminism

Support for equality between men and women

Sexual harassment

Harassment that only involves physical contact

Feminism

A position that promotes female dominance over men

CONCEPT

Problems in Gender Inequality

The increasing influence of medicine and psychiatry in our society has resulted in a phenomenon known as __________, which describes behavior in terms of health and illness, rather than morality.

stigma

differential association theory

the medicalization of deviance

retrospective labeling

CONCEPT

Labeling Theory

Which of the following terms describes crimes committed by people of relatively-high social standing while doing their jobs?

White collar crime

Corporate crime

Hate crime

Organized crime

CONCEPT

White Collar Crime and Organized Crime

Wealth and status are important social indicators in America. Although he wouldn't admit it, Bob feels a sense of satisfaction when he puts on an expensive suit, drives his new car to pick up his date, and takes her to an exclusive restaurant.

Bob's behavior illustrates which of the following?

Social mobility

Wealth

Conspicuous consumption

Socioeconomic status

CONCEPT

Income, Wealth, and Occupations

Which of the following statements is an accurate description of the Thomas Theorem?

Situations defined as real are only real when someone in power says they are real.

None of the answer choices are correct.

Situations we think are real have real consequences for how we act.

Situations defined as real are always real.

CONCEPT

Thomas Theorem

Which of the following statements is consistent with Immanuel Wallerstein's model of the capitalist world economy?

All of the answer choices are correct.

Middle-income countries form the global economy's semi-periphery.

Foreign debt contributes to the dependence of poor nations on rich nations.

Colonization fueled the growth of a global economy.

CONCEPT

Capitalist World Economy

Marx's term for those who control the means of production is __________.

capitalists

socialists

alienators

proletarians

CONCEPT

Marx and Class Conflict

The tendency for people to behave in social settings as if they were actors in a play is called which of the following?

Ethnomethodology

Thomas Theorem

Dramaturgical analysis

Looking-glass self

CONCEPT

Goffman's Dramaturgical Analysis

Which of the following questions would be studied at the macro-level?

How has the introduction of computer technology changed the way in which people date and find partners to marry?

Has the introduction of computer technology in the workplace changed the number of people employed in various industries?

Has computer technology changed social interactions among people in coffee shops?

CONCEPT

Technology

The I-PAT equation measures the impact of human activity on the environment.

Why do small changes in one variable in the equation (e.g. technology, population, or affluence) have a big impact on the environment?

None of the answer choices are correct.

Changes in one variable may produce large impacts because all of the variables - affluence, technology, and population - are multiplied.

Changes in one variable may produce large impacts because all of the variables - affluence, technology, and population - are divided.

Changes in one variable may produce large impacts because all of the variables - affluence, technology, and population - are added together.

CONCEPT

Environmental Concepts

Society forbids incest — sexual or marital relations between family members.

In this example, incest is a __________ — a societal rule so powerful that its violation is punishable by society.

taboo

counterculture

folkway

CONCEPT

Norms

Someone who practices interpretive sociology would most likely focus on which of the following?

The subjective meanings that individuals attach to their actions, and to situations

The broad structures of society

Human language

All of the answer choices are correct.

CONCEPT

Symbolic Interaction Theory

Which of the following is NOT a claim made by the Davis Moore Thesis?

Social stratification will decrease (or vanish) when a society reaches the period of post-industrialism.

Social stratification is a functional need of society because it ensures that all classes of jobs will be filled.

In a division of labor, some jobs are more functional for the maintenance of society than others.

All societies have experienced social stratification of some kind.

CONCEPT

Davis Moore Thesis and the Egalitarian Society

Societies in which men have more power, and in which it is important for fathers to pass on property and power to their sons, will likely have which of the following systems of descent?

Property-based descent

Bilateral descent

Patrilineal descent

Matrilineal descent

CONCEPT

Descent

Which of the following is NOT an example of a community-based correction procedure?

Probation

Parole

None of the answer choices are correct.

The death penalty

CONCEPT

Societal Protection

One justification for punishing criminals is that fear of punishment will prevent people from breaking the law.

This is known as __________.

rehabilitation

retribution

deterrence

due process

CONCEPT

Justice System and Punishment

Jamie has collected data on her research interests and has formed a hypothesis. She wants to test whether her hypothesis has merit, so she meets with several interview respondents to discuss her ideas.

Which research method is Jamie using?

A focus group

A participant observation

An experiment

CONCEPT

Research Methods

Which of the following sociologists argued that sociological research should examine the subjective or interpretive meaning of human behavior?

Emile Durkheim

Robert Merton

Karl Marx

Max Weber

CONCEPT

Qualitative Research

What do sociologists call a social character that is focused on making good impressions, and living up to them?

Inner-directedness

Gesellschaft

Geminschaft

Other-directedness

CONCEPT

Individuals and Modernity

Which of the following was one of researcher Philip Zimbardo’s key findings in the Stanford Prison Experiment?

The guards who participated in the experiment had aggressive personalities.

Research has the potential to harm the physical and mental well-being of participants.

Research does not impact the physical and mental well-being of participants.

The prisoners who participated in the experiment had aggressive personalities.

CONCEPT

Informed Consent and the Stanford Prison Experiment

The social construction of reality holds which of the following to be true?

Reality is fixed— the meanings of things, places, people, and events do not change.

The meanings of things, events, and people only change when someone in power wants them to change.

Only small meanings, like the meaning of a word, can change. Bigger meanings, like the meaning of American society, are fixed.

Reality is not fixed— it changes as humans create new meanings.

CONCEPT

Social Construction of Reality

The concept known as the sociological imagination was developed by which of the following sociologists?

Karl Marx

Herbert Spencer

C. Wright Mills

Emile Durkheim

CONCEPT

The Sociological Imagination

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

Environmental racism

A process in which people use the environment to attack people of different racial groups

Urbanization

The rise in global air, water, and surface temperatures due to human consumption of fossil fuels

Global warming

The rise in global air, water, and surface temperatures due to human consumption of fossil fuels

Biodiversity

A process in which people use the environment to attack people of different racial groups

CONCEPT

Sociological Understanding of the Environment

Pam researches groups of homeless men and women in Minneapolis, MN on-site, using a focused orientation.

She adopts __________ to conduct her research.

a macro-level orientation

social conflict theory

a micro-level orientation

both micro-level orientation and social conflict theory

CONCEPT

Sociological Theory

Which of the following is a potential advantage of modern reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization?

They provide couples who cannot conceive the opportunity to have a child.

Both of the answer choices are correct.

Neither of the answer choices is correct.

They may reduce the number of birth defects.

CONCEPT

In Vitro Fertilization

Which of the following is NOT a key finding of Solomon Asch's research?

People will give in to social pressure in small groups.

People feel less pressure to conform in small groups than they do in larger ones.

Groups can produce conformity.

People will compromise their beliefs to avoid being judged as nonconformists.

CONCEPT

Group Conformity Studies

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

Intersectionality

The theory of how race influences opportunities

Gender roles

Socially-structured responsibilities that are part of being male or female

Gender roles

Discrimination based on sex

Patriarchy

Rule by females

CONCEPT

Gender Roles and Sexism

Tracy has a positive view of the legal system, including the criminal justice system. She believes that the laws are good, just, and right. Tracy does not "act out" in deviant ways because of her faith in the system.

Tracy illustrates which of the following forces of control identified by Travis Hirschi?

Involvement

Attachment

Belief

Opportunity

CONCEPT

Control Theory

Which research method is Jamie using?

An experiment

A participant observation

A focus group

CONCEPT

Research Methods

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe the social foundations of deviance?

People are perceived as deviant when they view their own behavior as deviant.

What is labeled "deviant" in one culture may be considered "normal" in another.

Power and social status play key roles in how people define deviant behavior.

Definitions of deviance change over time.

CONCEPT

Functions of Deviance

In which of the following stages of life do we accomplish the most?

Adulthood

Adolescence

Childhood

Old age

CONCEPT

Socialization: The Life Course

According to Comte, positivist sociology views society at which of the following stages?

Theological stage

Philosophical stage

Scientific stage

Metaphysical stage

CONCEPT

Auguste Comte and Positivism

In a well-known experiment on stereotyping and discrimination, teacher Jane Elliott divided her students into groups based on eye color. Next, she told the students that people who have a particular eye color are superior to those who do not have it.

She found that students in the group she labeled as "superior" performed better in the classroom. Those in the group labeled "inferior" performed poorly.

The dependent relationship between student performance and group assignment is an example of __________.

self-fulfilling prophecy

reproduction theory

parochial schooling

latent functions of schooling

CONCEPT

Jane Elliot and Jonathan Kozol

Which of the following was NOT a core American value identified by Robin Williams Jr.?

Racism and group superiority

Religion and faith

Technology and progress

Practicality and efficiency

CONCEPT

Values and Beliefs

Which the following is an example of colonialism?

Spain builds permanent settlements in South America for economic gain.

The British establish a presence in India during the years of the opium trade.

European countries establish roots in the Caribbean region to gain access to sugarcane.

All of the answer choices are correct.

CONCEPT

Colonialism and Neocolonialism

Which of the following are the components that form the sociological imagination?

History

Biography

Social structure

All of the answer choices are correct.

CONCEPT

The Sociological Imagination

Which of the following theoretical approaches analyzes how racial conflicts affect society?

Symbolic interaction theory

Gender conflict theory

Race conflict theory

Social conflict theory

CONCEPT

Race Conflict Theory

Which of the following definitions of a basic family concept is correct?

Family is a group of two or more people who cooperate economically, and are related by blood or affiliation.

Kinship is a culturally-patterned social relationship based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption.

All of the answer choices are correct.

Marriage is a legal union, usually involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, and (often) children.

CONCEPT

Family: Basic Concepts

Which of the following sociologists argued that people who live in cities lack the support that comes from close, primary-group ties?

Emile Durkheim

Georg Simmel

Louis Wirth

Ferdinand Tonnies

CONCEPT

Louis Wirth and Urban Ecology

The increasing influence of medicine and psychiatry in our society has resulted in a phenomenon known as __________, which describes behavior in terms of health and illness, rather than morality.

stigma

retrospective labeling

the medicalization of deviance

differential association theory

CONCEPT

Labeling Theory

__________ theory argues that people turn to social movements to find purpose in an impersonal society.

New social movements

Mass-society

Culture

Resource mobilization

CONCEPT

Social Movement Theories

Alan and Steve discuss the Chinese government's policy of forbidding couples to have more than one child. Steve says that the policy is "backward, stupid, and downright wrong."

Steve's comment is evidence of which of the following views of culture?

Cultural relativism

Culture shock

Cultural universal

Ethnocentrism

CONCEPT

Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism

The field of __________ examines the combination of population demographics, physical and social environments, and disease-causing agents.

medicine

social epidemiology

healthcare

environmental health

CONCEPT

Health

Sweatshop workers are affected by the practice of __________, in which employers charge employees for necessities (e.g., housing), but don't pay them enough to cover those costs.

chattel slavery

debt bondage

human trafficking

child slavery

CONCEPT

Slavery and Human Trafficking

Which of the following statements about sexual harassment is true?

Men experience the most sexual harassment.

Sexual harassment only happens in the workplace.

Sexual harassment often occurs in the workplace.

Children experience the most sexual harassment.

CONCEPT

Problems in Gender Inequality

This period in American history is an example of which of the following?

Miscegenation

Segregation

Pluralism

Stereotyping

CONCEPT

Inequalities in Patterns of Interaction

Veronica practices a solo she will perform at her school's talent show. While choosing her music, costume, and choreography, she considers how the audience might react.

In this scenario, Veronica uses a __________ to evaluate the impact of her creative choices.

primary group

social group

secondary group

reference group

CONCEPT

Reference Groups

Which of the following is NOT one of the key principles of feminism?

Support for a right to choose regarding sexuality and reproduction

Ending violence against women

Support for social equality for women and men

Promoting the superiority of women over men

The social construction of reality holds which of the following to be true?

Only small meanings, like the meaning of a word, can change. Bigger meanings, like the meaning of American society, are fixed.

The meanings of things, events, and people only change when someone in power wants them to change.

Reality is fixed— the meanings of things, places, people, and events do not change.

Reality is not fixed— it changes as humans create new meanings.

CONCEPT

Social Construction of Reality

A society in which members have equal opportunities and gain or lose social standing based on their work, talent, and efforts is called a __________.

class society

meritocracy

caste society

monarchy

CONCEPT

Class System

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

Patriarchy

Rule by females

Gender roles

Socially-structured responsibilities that are part of being male or female

Intersectionality

The theory of how race influences opportunities

Gender roles

Discrimination based on sex

CONCEPT

Gender Roles and Sexism

Who was Edwin Sutherland?

A sociologist and criminologist who theorized differential association

A sociologist and criminologist who theorized social conflict

An anthropologist who theorized differential association

An anthropologist who theorized social conflict

CONCEPT

Differential Association Theory

Which of the following is a process that consists of four stages: hunting and gathering, horticulture and pastoralism, agriculture, and industry?

Eurocentrism

Post-industrialism

Social organization

Technology

CONCEPT

Lenski's Five Types of Society

Social epidemiology is the study of how good and bad health are distributed in a population.

Which of the following is NOT identified by sociologists as a cause of different health outcomes for individuals?

Class

Race

Infant mortality rate

CONCEPT

Health

In which of the following stages of life do we accomplish the most?

Adulthood

Childhood

Adolescence

Old age

CONCEPT

Socialization: The Life Course

Pam researches groups of homeless men and women in Minneapolis, MN on-site, using a focused orientation.

She adopts __________ to conduct her research.

a micro-level orientation

both micro-level orientation and social conflict theory

a macro-level orientation

social conflict theory

CONCEPT

Sociological Theory

A __________ is a small, informal religious group that is set apart from the dominant religious institutions in society.

fundamentalist

cult

sect

denomination

CONCEPT

Religious Organizations

When evaluating sources, it is important to look for evidence of __________, such as expertise and advanced degrees.

authority

biases

information

skills

CONCEPT

Evaluating Sources

According to George Ritzer, which of the following lists the four principles associated with the McDonaldization of society?

Efficiency, predictability, uniformity, and control

Specialization, hierarchy, impersonality, and clear rules

Efficiency, unpredictability, diversity, and control

Flexibility, competition, creativity, and control

CONCEPT

Scientific Management

Which of the following theories argues that certain people hold more prejudiced beliefs than others because of their inflexible personalities?

Culture theory

Authoritarian personality theory

Scapegoat theory

Conflict theory

CONCEPT

Theories of Inequality in Race

Which of the following statements accurately defines urban ecology?

Cities cannot be understood in ecological terms.

None of the answer choices are correct.

Cities are ecosystems in which meaningful interactions between people and the environment occur.

Cities have displaced the natural ecology.

CONCEPT

Louis Wirth and Urban Ecology

Hank believes that no matter how hard he tries, he'll never get ahead. He is proud, however, that he doesn't commit crimes to get ahead. He works hard to earn his living.

Hank displays which of the following reactions to strain?

Innovation

Ritualism

Conformity

Retreatism

CONCEPT

Strain Theory

In the early stages of industrialization, many urban families were so poor that children had to work to provide income for the family.

This is an example of which of the following kinds of slavery?

Chattel slavery

Human trafficking

Child slavery

Debt bondage

CONCEPT

Slavery and Human Trafficking

Which of the following was NOT a core American value identified by Robin Williams Jr.?

Practicality and efficiency

Religion and faith

Technology and progress

Racism and group superiority

CONCEPT

Values and Beliefs

Magdalena works for a government licensing bureau that doesn't allow exceptions to its rules. Magdalena feels that uniform adherence to procedures is undermining the bureau's effectiveness and causing problems that it is currently experiencing.

This scenario illustrates which of the following problems of bureaucracy?

Bureaucratic alienation

Bureaucratic ritualism

Bureaucratic inertia

Oligarchy

CONCEPT

Problems of Bureaucracy

Which of the following sociologists used open-ended questions to research participants' experiences of racism in modern American society?

W.E.B. Du Bois

Lois Benjamin

Max Weber

William Foot Whyte

CONCEPT

Research Methods: Examples

Together, shopping and consumer retail spending are an important part of the U.S. economy. A sociologist who takes the functional approach would note that shopping and consumer spending serve important functions in American society.

Which of the following is a manifest function of shopping malls?

Shopping malls produce shopaholics, who contribute to the economy by accumulating credit card debt.

Shopping malls provide a place to purchase goods and services, and to consume entertainment.

Shopping malls serve as a venue for the theft of goods.

All of the answer choices are correct.

CONCEPT

Structural Functionalism: Manifest and Latent Functions

Which of the following statements is consistent with Immanuel Wallerstein's model of the capitalist world economy?

The world economy does not make poor nations dependent on rich nations.

Colonization no longer serves as the foundation of the global economy.

Low-income countries form the global economy's core.

Low-income countries form the global economy's periphery.

CONCEPT

Capitalist World Economy

Many of the young people in their late teens and twenties who attend college would otherwise compete for limited opportunities in the job market.

This is an example of which of the following functions of schooling?

Socialization

Latent function

Social placement

Social integration

CONCEPT

Functions of Schooling

Which of the following accurately describes a gemeinschaft community?

A large community characterized by loose market relationships

A small, close-knit community that is dominated by an individualist orientation

A small community with no economic exchange

A small, close-knit community characterized by family bonds and obedience to tradition

CONCEPT

Ferdinand Tonnies

Which of the following relationships occurs when we assume that a change in one variable causes a change in another, but a change in a third, underlying variable is actually responsible for the change?

Temporal

Cause and effect

Spurious

Conclusive

CONCEPT

Statistics

Bernie Madoff, a wealthy hedge fund manager, was convicted of defrauding investors in a pyramid scheme.

Madoff was guilty of which of the following types of crime?

Organized crime

Corporate crime

White collar crime

Blue collar crime

CONCEPT

White Collar Crime and Organized Crime

What is in vitro fertilization?

The process of reproduction using computers

When a sperm cell and an egg are united naturally

When a sperm cell and an egg are united outside of a body and subsequently implanted in a uterus

Reproduction which relies on doctors and scientists

Which theory claims that people adapt their mores, norms, and behaviors to conform to those of the people with whom they spend the most time?

Differential association theory

Control theory

Labeling theory

Strain theory

Using statistical data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, Gary studies the prevalence of HIV and AIDS in the United States.

This is an example of studying society at the __________.

micro-level

macro-level

structural-functional level

post-modern level

Giving gifts to observe the Christmas holiday is an example of which of the following?

Real culture

Ideal culture

Neither real nor ideal culture

The communist party, feminist political parties, the Tea Party, and the hippies of the 1960s are all examples of which of the following?

Counterculture

Monoculture

Multiculturalism

Radical culture

Bill and his team of environmental activists want to stop global warming. Bill has calculated that if every American drove 100 fewer miles a year — which amounts to a few extra trips on public transportation — the U.S. could reduce carbon emissions to year 2000 levels.

Bill is part of which of the following social movements?

Reformative social movement

Revolutionary social movement

Alternative social movement

Redemptive social movement

Sociologist Richard Gelles made which of the following arguments about the family?

Divorce occurs at a higher rate, and is more troubling, in the United States than in any other country.

The family is the fundamental source of inequality in society.

The family is the most violent institution in society.

The family is the bedrock of society.

Select the statement about fundamentalists that is true.

Fundamentalists hold progressive beliefs and acknowledge non-traditional worldviews.

Fundamentalists believe that sacred texts provide general guidelines for living. They are not meant to be interpreted literally.

Fundamentalists acknowledge the beliefs of other religions, but only follow the rules and standards of their own.

Fundamentalists maintain that their beliefs are true, and any other beliefs are not.

Your friend, Fred, asserts that to ensure peace in the United States, we must establish peace in other nations.

This is an example of which of the following?

Micro-level orientation

Sociological imagination

Global perspective

Sociological perspective

Saudi Arabia and Australia are examples of which of the following?

High-income countries

Middle-income countries

Peripheral countries

Low-income countries

Jessica just moved from an urban school to a rural school. In order to adapt to new peer groups, she mimics some of the behavior she sees.

Jessica is engaging in ___________.

group conformity

resocialization

anticipatory socialization

personality mirroring

Which of the following is the second stage in the process of sociocultural evolution?

Industry

Hunting and gathering

Horticulture and pastoralism

Agriculture

Travis Hirschi, the founder of control theory, would NOT agree with which of the following statements?

Matt got in trouble because he didn't have many strong social attachments to groups, friends, and family members.

Matt got in trouble because he had no productive ways to spend his time.

Matt got in trouble because he felt he had nothing to lose and no opportunities.

Matt got in trouble because his mom was a bad person. Being bad must run in their family.

Which of the following is true of race?

People of different races have very different genes.

Racial differences reflect biological differences that lead to differences in skills, knowledge, and abilities.

Racial makeup determines personality.

Racial traits have no intrinsic meaning. The meaning of race is constructed in society.

Sweatshop workers are affected by the practice of __________, in which employers charge employees for necessities (e.g., housing), but don't pay them enough to cover those costs.

chattel slavery

debt bondage

human trafficking

child slavery

CONCEPT

Slavery and Human Trafficking

When evaluating sources, it is important to look for evidence of __________, such as expertise and advanced degrees.

authority

skills

information

biases

CONCEPT

Evaluating Sources

Which of the following was one of researcher Philip Zimbardo's key findings in the Stanford Prison Experiment?

The personalities of individual guards and prisoners led to violence.

Violence was inevitable, and the prison institution had nothing to do with it.

Research does not have the potential to harm the physical and mental well-being of participants.

The social conditions and structures in the prison led to violence.

CONCEPT

Informed Consent and the Stanford Prison Experiment

Pam researches groups of homeless men and women in Minneapolis, MN on-site, using a focused orientation.

She adopts __________ to conduct her research.

a micro-level orientation

social conflict theory

a macro-level orientation

both micro-level orientation and social conflict theory

CONCEPT

Sociological Theory

Which of the following terms best describes the social process through which we share beliefs, knowledge, and understanding of the world?

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Cultural transmission

Symbolic language

CONCEPT

Symbols and Language

Sociobiology is heavily influenced by __________.

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution

Robin Williams Jr.'s core values of American life

Gerhard Lenski's five types of society

CONCEPT

Sociobiology

Which of the following theories focuses on the role of patriarchy in influencing society's expectations about men and women?

Symbolic interaction theory

Race conflict theory

Social conflict theory

Gender conflict theory

CONCEPT

Gender Conflict Theory

Which of the following statements about the demographic divide is true?

Both sides of the demographic divide are close to zero population growth.

Richer countries have high population growth because they can afford the cost of raising children. Poor countries have lower population growth because they can't afford this cost.

Rich countries are closer to zero population growth than poor countries, which have higher rates of population growth.

Rich people live in one part of the world and poor people live in another, on the other side of the divide.

CONCEPT

Global Population

Which of the following sociologists argued that people who live in cities lack the support that comes from close, primary-group ties?

Emile Durkheim

Ferdinand Tonnies

Georg Simmel

Louis Wirth

CONCEPT

Louis Wirth and Urban Ecology

Emma is researching how different statuses, inlcuding race and gender, overlap to impact overall socioeconomic status.

Emma's research pertains to which of the following theories?

Race conflict theory

Feminist theory

Structural-functional theory

Intersectionality theory

CONCEPT

Gender and Gender Stratification

Many of the young people in their late teens and twenties who attend college would otherwise compete for limited opportunities in the job market.

This is an example of which of the following functions of schooling?

Socialization

Social integration

Latent function

Social placement

CONCEPT

Functions of Schooling

Which of the following is a micro-level research question?

Have the rich really gotten richer, and have the poor really gotten poorer?

Why are people of color incarcerated disproportionately in American society?

How are social relationships made within a group of friends who are playing a game of poker and talking?

What are the effects of the 2008 financial crisis on the economy as a whole?

CONCEPT

Symbolic Interaction Theory

The form of poverty in which a person meets all of his or her basic needs, but has no savings is called __________.

relative poverty

class conflict

functional poverty

egalitarianism

CONCEPT

Poverty, Welfare and Power

Both white ethnic Americans and white Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs) are white.

What is the difference between these two ethnic groups?

White ethnic Americans trace their ancestry to the original inhabitants of North America; WASPs trace their ancestry to English Protestant groups.

White ethnic Americans descend from disadvantaged Europeans; WASPs descend from English Protestants.

White ethnic Americans trace their ancestry to white Europeans; WASPs are descended from disadvantaged English Protestants.

None of the answer choices are correct.

CONCEPT

Race and Ethnicity in the US

Which of the following statements about social groups is true?

Members of primary groups display both a goal orientation and a personal orientation.

Members of primary groups display a goal orientation.

None of the answer choices are correct.

Members of secondary groups display a personal orientation.

CONCEPT

Groups

Which of the following is a computer technology?

Smart phones

Laptops

Computer-guided missiles and drones

All of the answer choices are correct.

CONCEPT

Technology

Which of the following is NOT a common reason for divorce?

People become bored more easily today, due to the prevalence of social distractions.

Divorce is less-stigmatized than it used to be.

Individualism is increasing.

Getting a divorce is easier than it used to be.

CONCEPT

Divorce, Blended Families, and Cohabitation

Which of the following groups most often suffers from family violence?

Children

Women

Men

Both women and children

CONCEPT

Family Violence

Janelle is a 53-year-old attorney who worries that she will not be taken seriously at work as her appearance becomes less youthful, because there are many younger attorneys at the firm where she works.

Janelle fears that she will be a victim of which of the following?

Old age

Ageism

Gerontology

Gerontocracy

CONCEPT

Socialization: The Life Course

Compared to other countries, China and Peru have an average standard of living.

China and Peru, therefore, are examples of which of the following?

High-income countries

Low-income countries

Core countries

Middle-income countries

CONCEPT

High, Middle and Low Income Countries

One justification for punishing criminals is that fear of punishment will prevent people from breaking the law.

This is known as __________.

retribution

due process

deterrence

rehabilitation

CONCEPT

Justice System and Punishment

Which of the following is a process that consists of four stages: hunting and gathering, horticulture and pastoralism, agriculture, and industry?

Post-industrialism

Social organization

Technology

Eurocentrism

CONCEPT

Lenski's Five Types of Society

Which of the following terms describes crimes committed by people of relatively-high social standing while doing their jobs?

Hate crime

Organized crime

Corporate crime

White collar crime

CONCEPT

White Collar Crime and Organized Crime

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

Gender roles

Discrimination based on sex

Patriarchy

Rule by females

Intersectionality

The theory of how race influences opportunities

Gender roles

Socially-structured responsibilities that are part of being male or female

CONCEPT

Gender Roles and Sexism

Which of the following is a possible reference group?

Parents

All of the answer choices are correct.

Friends

Children

Amy analyzes recent trends in birth and death rates in low-income countries.

This type of population study is called __________.

urban ecology

demography

globalization

a population pyramid

Which of the following is an aspect of a sociological theory developed by Erving Goffman?

The idea that we live our lives as performers on a stage

All of the answer choices are correct.

The idea that social life is divided into a front stage and a back stage

The idea that society is best conceived of as a theater

Supporters of __________ argue that it is a way to acknowledge and capitalize on a nation's increasing diversity.

eurocentrism

monoculturalism

afrocentrism

multiculturalism

Ferdinand Tonnies used the term __________ to describe small, close-knit societies characterized by family bonds and obedience to tradition.

postmodernity

other-directedness

gesellschaft

gemeinschaft

Society is tied to the past, and to established ways of doing things. Alternative ways of organizing society have not been considered.

This corresponds to which of Rostow's stages of modernization?

Traditional stage

Stage of highly advanced technology

Stage of mass consumption

Take-off stage

Select the true statement about structural-functional theory's approach to the family.

According to this theory, relationships are a series of complex negotiations for an equal trade.

According to this theory, reality is something that people create through their interactions.

According to this theory, the family helps to ensure that society runs smoothly.

According to this theory, the family is a means to consolidate property and wealth.

Which of the following is a variable?

None of the answer choices are correct.

The amount of money you earn

Your race

Your eye color

The concept known as the sociological imagination was developed by which of the following sociologists?

Herbert Spencer

C. Wright Mills

Karl Marx

Emile Durkheim

Which of the following statements about structural functional theory is true?

Structural functional theory focuses on individual interactions in society.

Structural functional theory views the ways in which social norms shape society.

Structural functional theory views society as a complex and interconnected machine.

CONCEPT

Structural Functional Theory

__________ research emphasizes the need for the researcher to be as objective as possible.

Value-free research

Gynocentric

Value-relevant research

Verstehen

CONCEPT

Conducting Sociological Research

When evaluating sources, it is important to look for evidence of __________, such as expertise and advanced degrees.

authority

information

skills

biases

CONCEPT

Evaluating Sources

Which of the following statements is true of Jane Addams and her work?

She was the first female sociologist.

She fought for women's right to education.

Both of the answer choices are correct.

Neither of the answer choices is correct.

CONCEPT

Gender Conflict Theory

Steven is researching the effects of text messaging, Facebook, and the Internet on dating on college campuses. He interviews 20 college men and three college women, and writes a report.

Steven's findings could be critiqued because of which of the following?

Gynocentricity

Gender blindness

Androcentricity

Interference

CONCEPT

Gender and Research

Which of the following sociologists produced research demonstrating the challenges of the participant observation method?

William Foot Whyte

W.E.B. Du Bois

Lois Benjamin

Max Weber

CONCEPT

Research Methods: Examples

In which of the following examples has the global perspective been used?

Studying the social structures that shape life in the United States

Looking at a narrow aspect of society

Studying how economic structures in different countries affect the lives of the people who live in those countries

Comparing how siblings interact when being punished

CONCEPT

Sociology and Sociological and Global Perspectives Defined

Which research method is Jamie using?

A participant observation

An experiment

A focus group

CONCEPT

Research Methods

Which of the following was one of researcher Philip Zimbardo’s key findings in the Stanford Prison Experiment?

The guards who participated in the experiment had aggressive personalities.

Research has the potential to harm the physical and mental well-being of participants.

Research does not impact the physical and mental well-being of participants.

The prisoners who participated in the experiment had aggressive personalities.

CONCEPT

Informed Consent and the Stanford Prison Experiment

Research that is focused on quantitative data is often referred to as __________ sociology.

positivist

theoretical

philosophical

metaphysical

CONCEPT

Auguste Comte and Positivism

Suppose you earned a B on your last Sociology exam, but you want an A on the next exam. To get an A, you increase the amount of time you spend studying. After increasing your study time, you earn an A.

What are the independent and dependent variables in this example?

Time spent studying is the dependent variable, and your grade is the independent variable.

There is no independent variable in this example.

Time spent studying is the independent variable, and your grade is the dependent variable.

There is no dependent variable in this example.

CONCEPT

Measurement

Which of the following statements about symbolic interaction theory is true?

Meaning is created when we interact with each other in society.

All of the answer choices are correct.

Symbolic interaction is an example of a micro-level approach.

Patterns of social interaction, when repeated, develop into social institutions.

CONCEPT

Sociological Theory

Shopping and consumer spending are an important part of the U.S. economy. A sociologist who takes the functional approach would note that shopping and consumer spending serve important functions in American society.

When considering shopping malls, the functional approach would indicate that a manifest function of malls is to enable purchases of necessary goods (e.g., clothing and household items).

Which of the following is an example of a social dysfunction of shopping malls?

Purchasing entertainment

Serving as a place for teens to get together

The development of "shopaholics" — people who go into debt due to over-spending.

Purchasing clothing and household items

CONCEPT

Structural Functionalism: Manifest and Latent Functions

Which of the following African American sociologists began as an academic, but shifted into activism towards the end of his or her career?

W. E. B. Du Bois

Harriet Martineau

William Foot Whyte

Lois Benjamin

CONCEPT

Race Conflict Theory

Which of the following is a micro-level research question?

How are social relationships made within a group of friends who are playing a game of poker and talking?

What are the effects of the 2008 financial crisis on the economy as a whole?

Why are people of color incarcerated disproportionately in American society?

Have the rich really gotten richer, and have the poor really gotten poorer?

CONCEPT

Symbolic Interaction Theory

Which of the following ideas is associated with sociologist Max Weber?

Race-conflict theory

Structural functionalism

Verstehen

The power elite

CONCEPT

Qualitative Research

Which of the following did C. Wright Mills worry was a threat to American freedom?

Social structure

Bureaucracy

Power elite

Institution

CONCEPT

Social Conflict Theory

Which of the following are the components that form the sociological imagination?

All of the answer choices are correct.

Social structure

Biography

History

CONCEPT

The Sociological Imagination

Temporal

Conclusive

Spurious

Cause and effect

CONCEPT

Statistics

Which of the following is an appealing research strategy because the sample grows by word-of-mouth, from known subjects to others who might participate in the study?

Sampling

Snowball sampling

Using existing sources

Participant observation

Rita asks four women on the street in Chicago if they are Cubs fans. Three of the four say yes. Based on this, Rita concludes that 75% of all Chicagoans are Cubs fans.

This is an example of __________.

overgeneralization

gynocentricity

interference

gender blindness

CONCEPT

Gender and Research

What is the difference between a social structure and a social function?

A social structure is a complex and interconnected machine. A social function is any act that contributes to the maintenance of a social system.

A social function is a complex and interconnected machine. A social structure is any act that contributes to the maintenance of a social system.

A social function is a stable, routine pattern of interaction. A social structure is any act or process that contributes to the maintenance of a social system.

A social structure is a stable, routine pattern of interaction. A social function is any act or process that contributes to the maintenance of a social system.

CONCEPT

Structural Functional Theory

Which of the following sociologists argued that sociological research should examine the subjective or interpretive meaning of human behavior?

Karl Marx

Max Weber

Robert Merton

Emile Durkheim

CONCEPT

Qualitative Research

Research that is focused on quantitative data is often referred to as __________ sociology.

theoretical

philosophical

positivist

metaphysical

CONCEPT

Auguste Comte and Positivism

Which of the following is NOT a consideration when evaluating sources?

Does the source possess sufficient expertise and authority?

What are the other sources cited by the author?

Is the source a man or a woman?

Does the source have a bias?

CONCEPT

Evaluating Sources

Which of the following statements about symbolic interaction theory is true?

All of the answer choices are correct.

Patterns of social interaction, when repeated, develop into social institutions.

Symbolic interaction is an example of a micro-level approach.

Meaning is created when we interact with each other in society.

CONCEPT

Sociological Theory

Which of the following is a manifest function of shopping malls?

Shopping malls provide a place to purchase goods and services, and to consume entertainment.

Shopping malls serve as a venue for the theft of goods.

All of the answer choices are correct.

Shopping malls produce shopaholics, who contribute to the economy by accumulating credit card debt.

CONCEPT

Structural Functionalism: Manifest and Latent Functions

Which of the following theoretical approaches analyzes how racial conflicts affect society?

Symbolic interaction theory

Social conflict theory

Gender conflict theory

Race conflict theory

CONCEPT

Race Conflict Theory

Because income level can impact health, Gemma uses data on unemployment rates to determine the extent to which obesity will increase in the next few decades.

In this example, Gemma uses __________ statistics.

qualitative

inferential

secondary

descriptive

CONCEPT

Statistics

The concept known as the sociological imagination was developed by which of the following sociologists?

Emile Durkheim

Herbert Spencer

C. Wright Mills

Karl Marx

CONCEPT

The Sociological Imagination

What are the independent and dependent variables in this example?

There is no dependent variable in this example.

Time spent studying is the dependent variable, and your grade is the independent variable.

Time spent studying is the independent variable, and your grade is the dependent variable.

There is no independent variable in this example.

CONCEPT

Measurement

One of the reasons why this perspective should be adopted is that societies around the world are increasingly interconnected.

Which of the following perspectives best fits this description?

Micro-level orientation

Global perspective

Sociological imagination

Sociological perspective

CONCEPT

Sociology and Sociological and Global Perspectives Defined

Which of the following approaches emphasizes issues that arise due to differences between races?

Social conflict theory

Symbolic interaction theory

Structural functional theory

Power elite theory

CONCEPT

Social Conflict Theory

Which of the following sociologists used open-ended questions to research participants' experiences of racism in modern American society?

Max Weber

W.E.B. Du Bois

Lois Benjamin

William Foot Whyte

CONCEPT

Research Methods: Examples

Which of the following describes gender conflict theory?

Society places men and women in positions of equal power.

Society places men in positions of power over women.

Society places women in positions of power over men.

CONCEPT

Gender Conflict Theory

A(n) __________ is a research method that assesses whether there is a cause-and-effect relationship.

experiment

interview

secondary source

survey

CONCEPT

Research Methods

Which of the following is a micro-level research question?

Have the rich really gotten richer, and have the poor really gotten poorer?

Why are people of color incarcerated disproportionately in American society?

How are social relationships made within a group of friends who are playing a game of poker and talking?

What are the effects of the 2008 financial crisis on the economy as a whole?

CONCEPT

Symbolic Interaction Theory

Which of the following was one of researcher Philip Zimbardo’s key findings in the Stanford Prison Experiment?

The guards who participated in the experiment had aggressive personalities.

Research has the potential to harm the physical and mental well-being of participants.

Research does not impact the physical and mental well-being of participants.

The prisoners who participated in the experiment had aggressive personalities.

Steven is researching the effects of text messaging, Facebook, and the Internet on dating on college campuses. He interviews 20 college men and three college women, and writes a report.

Steven's findings could be critiqued because of which of the following?

Gynocentricity

Gender blindness

Interference

Androcentricity

CONCEPT

Gender and Research

Which of the following sociologists argued that sociological research should examine the subjective or interpretive meaning of human behavior?

Robert Merton

Karl Marx

Emile Durkheim

Max Weber

CONCEPT

Qualitative Research

The concept known as the sociological imagination was developed by which of the following sociologists?

Herbert Spencer

C. Wright Mills

Karl Marx

Emile Durkheim

CONCEPT

The Sociological Imagination

What is the difference between a social structure and a social function?

A social structure is a complex and interconnected machine. A social function is any act that contributes to the maintenance of a social system.

A social structure is a stable, routine pattern of interaction. A social function is any act or process that contributes to the maintenance of a social system.

A social function is a complex and interconnected machine. A social structure is any act that contributes to the maintenance of a social system.

A social function is a stable, routine pattern of interaction. A social structure is any act or process that contributes to the maintenance of a social system.

CONCEPT

Structural Functional Theory

Which of the following was one of researcher Philip Zimbardo’s key findings in the Stanford Prison Experiment?

The guards who participated in the experiment had aggressive personalities.

Research has the potential to harm the physical and mental well-being of participants.

Research does not impact the physical and mental well-being of participants.

The prisoners who participated in the experiment had aggressive personalities.

CONCEPT

Informed Consent and the Stanford Prison Experiment

Which of the following statements is true of Jane Addams and her work?

She was the first female sociologist.

She fought for women's right to education.

Both of the answer choices are correct.

Neither of the answer choices is correct.

CONCEPT

Gender Conflict Theory

Which of the following did C. Wright Mills worry was a threat to American freedom?

Institution

Power elite

Bureaucracy

Social structure

CONCEPT

Social Conflict Theory

__________ research emphasizes the need for the researcher to be as objective as possible.

Value-free research

Value-relevant research

Verstehen

Gynocentric

CONCEPT

Conducting Sociological Research

A(n) __________ is a research method that assesses whether there is a cause-and-effect relationship.

experiment

interview

survey

secondary source

CONCEPT

Research Methods

One of the reasons why this perspective should be adopted is that societies around the world are increasingly interconnected.

Which of the following perspectives best fits this description?

Sociological imagination

Sociological perspective

Global perspective

Micro-level orientation

CONCEPT

Sociology and Sociological and Global Perspectives Defined

Cause and effect

Temporal

Spurious

Conclusive

CONCEPT

Statistics

Which of the following is a manifest function of shopping malls?

All of the answer choices are correct.

Shopping malls produce shopaholics, who contribute to the economy by accumulating credit card debt.

Shopping malls serve as a venue for the theft of goods.

Shopping malls provide a place to purchase goods and services, and to consume entertainment.

CONCEPT

Structural Functionalism: Manifest and Latent Functions

Measuring the same concept in different ways is unlikely to produce __________.

results

data

validity

reliability

CONCEPT

Measurement

Pam researches groups of homeless men and women in Minneapolis, MN on-site, using a focused orientation.

She adopts __________ to conduct her research.

both micro-level orientation and social conflict theory

a macro-level orientation

a micro-level orientation

social conflict theory

CONCEPT

Sociological Theory

__________ emphasizes empirical research, which focuses on the use of the scientific method, measurement, and statistics.

Positivistism

Verstehen

Value-relevant research

Value-free research

CONCEPT

Auguste Comte and Positivism

Which of the following African American sociologists began as an academic, but shifted into activism towards the end of his or her career?

Harriet Martineau

W. E. B. Du Bois

William Foot Whyte

Lois Benjamin

CONCEPT

Race Conflict Theory

Which of the following sociologists used open-ended questions to research participants' experiences of racism in modern American society?

Max Weber

W.E.B. Du Bois

William Foot Whyte

Lois Benjamin

CONCEPT

Research Methods: Examples

Jim is compiling a bibliography for his research paper on urban homelessness in San Francisco.

Jim's bibliography will contain all of his __________, which are the sources of his information.

notes

analyses

data

citations

CONCEPT

Evaluating Sources

Which of the following is a micro-level research question?

Have the rich really gotten richer, and have the poor really gotten poorer?

How are social relationships made within a group of friends who are playing a game of poker and talking?

Why are people of color incarcerated disproportionately in American society?

What are the effects of the 2008 financial crisis on the economy as a whole?

CONCEPT

Which of the following statements best describes symbolic interaction theory?

The meanings of situations, of people, and of society, are created through social interaction.

Symbolic meanings are shared when we talk to each other.

Patterns of interaction, when repeated, develop into social institutions.

All of the answer choices are correct.

A __________ orientation is adopted to study large-scale social patterns.

macro-level

micro-level

value-relevant

value-free

What was Emile Durkheim's key insight on suicide?

When viewed collectively, suicide has a social basis.

The members of some groups never commit suicide.

Suicide is an individual phenomenon and is undertaken for personal reasons.

Social conflict theory explains why suicides occur.

The __________ research method focuses on people in their natural settings, and is useful for generating hypotheses that can be tested in other settings.

survey

secondary source

focus group

participant observation

Which of the following sociologists interviewed accomplished African-American men and women?

Max Weber

William Foot Whyte

Lois Benjamin

W.E.B. Du Bois

Which of the following theories focuses on understanding the advantages that some racial and ethnic groups have over others?

Social conflict

Symbolic interaction

Race conflict

Gender conflict

Jackie uses graphs and charts to present data on obesity in the United States. She creates a chart showing the increasing number of children who are obese, as well as the mean, median, and mode weights.

The type of data Jackie presents on the chart is called __________ statistics.

inferential

qualitative

descriptive

spurious

The nine-month school year was developed in the 19th century to coincide with the farming calendar. Although most Americans no longer live or work on farms, most school systems continue to use the nine-month calendar.

This is an example of __________.

subculture

cultural integration

ideal culture

cultural lag

CONCEPT

Cultural Change and Integration

Which of the following statements about differential association theory is true?

It is a theory that asserts that those who are in power set the rules.

It is a theory stating that the labels which we apply to people determine their behavior.

It is a theory that claims that a person's social group can determine his or her tendency toward deviance.

It is a theory that states that the inability to reach cultural goals legally causes deviance.

CONCEPT

Differential Association Theory

Which of the following terms describes crimes committed by people of relatively-high social standing while doing their jobs?

Hate crime

Corporate crime

Organized crime

White collar crime

CONCEPT

White Collar Crime and Organized Crime

Jane believes that all cultures in the U.S. must be recognized on their own terms. She also believes that they should co-exist peacefully and be treated with respect.

Jane's views are best described as which of the following?

Multiculturalism

Eurocentricism

Monoculturalism

Cultural relativism

CONCEPT

Multiculturalism

Jack and Sherry argue about deviance among the youth of different races. Jack believes that poor African-American youth may "act out" in deviant ways because they cannot achieve cultural goals, including wealth and success, by conventional means (e.g., through a college education and a good job).

Jack's comments best illustrate which of the following theories of deviance?

Differential association theory

Control theory

Conflict theory

Strain theory

CONCEPT

Strain Theory

Which of the following statements about cultural relativism is FALSE?

It requires openness to unfamiliar values and norms.

It asserts that moral standards vary from society to society.

It requires judgment of a culture according to its own standards.

It requires judgment of other cultures according to the standards of our own culture.

CONCEPT

Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe the social foundations of deviance?

Power and social status play key roles in how people define deviant behavior.

What is labeled "deviant" in one culture may be considered "normal" in another.

People are perceived as deviant when they view their own behavior as deviant.

Definitions of deviance change over time.

CONCEPT

Functions of Deviance

Which of the following was NOT a core American value identified by Robin Williams Jr.?

Practicality and efficiency

Religion and faith

Technology and progress

Racism and group superiority

CONCEPT

Values and Beliefs

Which of the following terms refers to the production of goods using machinery powered by energy sources (e.g., steam and electricity)?

Post-industrialism

Industry

Agriculture

Hunting and gathering

CONCEPT

Lenski's Five Types of Society

Which of the following cultural patterns includes hippies, religious militants, militias, and organized crime groups because of their oppositional stance towards society?

Counterculture

Multiculturalism

Monoculture

Subculture

CONCEPT

Subculture and Counterculture

Which of the following statements about sociobiology is true?

Societal norms form behaviors regardless of biological influences.

It can explain why some cultural patterns are more common, and easier to learn, than others.

Research on behavior supports the argument that genetic programming determines human behavior.

CONCEPT

Sociobiology

Which of the following terms best describes the social process through which we share beliefs, knowledge, and understanding of the world?

Symbolic language

Cultural transmission

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

CONCEPT

Symbols and Language

Which of the following statements about cultural rules is correct?

Norms are formal and informal rules of conduct for the members of a society.

Mores are proscriptive bans on the worst conduct in society.

Taboos are elevated norms with moral dimensions that are widely observed.

Folkways are norms that determine what one should not do in a social situation.

CONCEPT

Norms

One justification for punishing criminals is that fear of punishment will prevent people from breaking the law.

This is known as __________.

rehabilitation

deterrence

due process

retribution

CONCEPT

Justice System and Punishment

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Ideal culture consists of the positive cultural images that we have of ourselves.

Ideal culture is the culture as it is practiced.

Real culture is the culture as it is practiced.

CONCEPT

Real and Ideal Culture

Ben no longer believes in the legitimacy of the authority and power figures in his life. According to control theory, he is now more likely to act out in deviant ways.

According to control theory, which of the following forces of control no longer restrains Ben's behavior?

Attachment

Opportunity

Belief

Involvement

CONCEPT

Control Theory

Which of the following is NOT an example of a community-based correction procedure?

Parole

Probation

The death penalty

None of the answer choices are correct.

CONCEPT

Societal Protection

Jina works as a home health aide for elderly patients. She decides to steal cash and inexpensive items from a patient's home.

Jina plans to commit which of the following types of crime?

Crime against property

Crime against the person

Victimless crime

CONCEPT

Types of Crime

In one of your classes, you meet someone whose appearance, speech, and expressed beliefs are different from your own.

This is an example of encountering __________.

high culture

a different culture

culture shock

a different norm

CONCEPT

Culture and Society

The increasing influence of medicine and psychiatry in our society has resulted in a phenomenon known as __________, which describes behavior in terms of health and illness, rather than morality.

differential association theory

the medicalization of deviance

stigma

retrospective labeling

CONCEPT

Labeling Theory

According to conflict theory, why do high-status, white collar criminals sometimes receive special treatment, including less-severe sentences, than people of lower socioeconomic status?

Most of them are celebrities.

None of the answer choices are correct.

They possess the resources necessary to avoid the deviant labels.

The crimes they commit are not as violent or harmful to society.

CONCEPT

Conflict Theory and Deviance

Why are women and minority groups more likely to be labeled as deviant by society?

All of the answer choices are correct.

Society wants more female deviants than male deviants.

They are naturally more deviant than men and non-minority groups.

Women and minorities face more constraints, and are subject to more rules.

CONCEPT

The fundamental basis of our culture is __________, which enables us to communicate shared perspectives about the past, present, and future.

language

deviance

sociobiology

CONCEPT

Symbols and Language

__________ asserts that all aspects of culture are connected and affect each other.

Strain theory

Cultural lag

Cultural integration

Control theory

CONCEPT

Cultural Change and Integration

Tim, a U.S. citizen, visits Spain. He is used to having dinner at 7 PM, but most Spanish people eat later, at 9 or 10 PM. Tim realizes that eating later makes sense in the Spanish culture, so it is not "wrong."

Tim uses which of the following perspectives on culture?

Ethnocentrism

Cultural universal

Cultural relativism

Culture shock

CONCEPT

Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism

Taken together, what do feminist theories of deviance assert about why women are labeled as deviant more often than men?

Women have been subject to control by men. Because they have had less power to label behavior as deviant, they have been labeled as deviant more often than men.

The labels applied to women by men cause women to "act out" in deviant ways.

Women belong to fewer groups that constrain their behavior than men. As a result, there are fewer restraints to prevent women from "acting out" in a deviant fashion.

CONCEPT

Race, Gender and Deviance

After moving to a new school, Anthony wants to join a new group of friends. He notices that the people he sits with at lunch on the first day of class use words in ways that are new to him (e.g., they say "bad" to mean "good"). They also shake hands in a unique way. Trying to fit in, Anthony adopts these subcultural behaviors.

Anthony attempts to learn the __________ of the group.

taboos

proscriptive norms

folkways

CONCEPT

Norms

The Miami Heat (a professional basketball team) is an example of which of the following cultural concepts?

Monoculture

Subculture

Multiculturalism

Counterculture

CONCEPT

Subculture and Counterculture

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the Massachusetts Bay Puritans?

Puritan society experienced several crime waves.

The Puritans, a God-fearing and well-behaved society, created deviance as a functional necessity.

There was no deviance in Puritan society.

Despite changes in the nature of crime, the rates of deviance remained constant over time in Puritan society. This indicates that there was always some deviance in Puritan society.

CONCEPT

Functions of Deviance

Ben no longer believes in the legitimacy of the authority and power figures in his life. According to control theory, he is now more likely to act out in deviant ways.

According to control theory, which of the following forces of control no longer restrains Ben's behavior?

Belief

Involvement

Attachment

Opportunity

CONCEPT

Control Theory

Sociobiology is heavily influenced by __________.

Gerhard Lenski's five types of society

Robin Williams Jr.'s core values of American life

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution

CONCEPT

Sociobiology

Which of the following statements about differential association theory is true?

It is a theory that asserts that those who are in power set the rules.

It is a theory stating that the labels which we apply to people determine their behavior.

It is a theory that claims that a person's social group can determine his or her tendency toward deviance.

It is a theory that states that the inability to reach cultural goals legally causes deviance.

CONCEPT

Differential Association Theory

Which of the following terms describes crimes committed by people of relatively-high social standing while doing their jobs?

Hate crime

Organized crime

Corporate crime

White collar crime

CONCEPT

White Collar Crime and Organized Crime

When manufacturers and other businesses pollute the environment, causing problems for the surrounding community, they commit which of the following types of crime?

Organized crime

Corporate crime

Hate crime

White collar crime

CONCEPT

Types of Crime

At the height of the Roman Empire, criminals were publicly stoned to death.

A public display of punishment, including violent execution, is a method of __________ because it provides an example for the rest of society.

deterrence

retribution

force

retaliation

CONCEPT

Justice System and Punishment

Jack's comments best illustrate which of the following theories of deviance?

Conflict theory

Strain theory

Differential association theory

Control theory

CONCEPT

Strain Theory

What is the difference between real and ideal culture?

Ideal culture describes how people behave. Real culture describes a culture's positive image of itself.

Real culture consists of our values, beliefs, and norms. Ideal culture consists of our taboos.

Real culture describes how people behave. Ideal culture describes a culture's positive image of itself.

Real culture consists of our cultural values. Ideal culture consists of our cultural beliefs.

CONCEPT

Real and Ideal Culture

According to sociologist Robin Williams Jr., which of the following are core values of American life?

Racism and group superiority

Science

All of the answer choices are correct.

Equal opportunity

CONCEPT

Values and Beliefs

The argument that those who challenge the capitalist system will be controlled by the criminal justice system illustrates which of the following theories of crime and deviance?

Labeling theory

Control theory

Conflict theory

Differential association theory

CONCEPT

Conflict Theory and Deviance

Which of the following is a process that consists of four stages: hunting and gathering, horticulture and pastoralism, agriculture, and industry?

Eurocentrism

Technology

Social organization

Post-industrialism

CONCEPT

Lenski's Five Types of Society

In one of your classes, you meet someone whose appearance, speech, and expressed beliefs are different from your own.

This is an example of encountering __________.

culture shock

a different culture

a different norm

high culture

CONCEPT

Culture and Society

The increasing influence of medicine and psychiatry in our society has resulted in a phenomenon known as __________, which describes behavior in terms of health and illness, rather than morality.

retrospective labeling

the medicalization of deviance

differential association theory

stigma

CONCEPT

Labeling Theory

Which of the following arguments is NOT made by supporters of multiculturalism?

It encourages understanding of one's cultural heritage.

It encourages divisiveness and racial separation.

None of the answer choices are correct.

It is a way of accepting society's increasing diversity.

CONCEPT

Multiculturalism

Which of the following is an example of a community-based correction?

Death penalty

Retribution

Parole

Societal protection

After a series of violent murders, a town in rural Arkansas came together to mourn the loss of the victims.

Which of the following functions of deviance does this scenario best illustrate?

Deviance unifies society.

Deviance promotes social change.

Deviance clarifies our cultural values.

Deviance defines our collective morality.

CONCEPT

Functions of Deviance

According to sociologist Robin Williams Jr., which of the following are core values of American life?

All of the answer choices are correct.

Equal opportunity

Racism and group superiority

Science

CONCEPT

Values and Beliefs

Eric is an anthropologist who is studying semi-nomadic sheep herding societies in Mongolia. Eric notices that all the shepherds wear a red pendant around their necks. The pendant is believed to have religious significance.

The red pendant is an example of __________.

superstition

material culture

technology

non-material culture

CONCEPT

Culture and Society

Which of the following statements about cultural relativism is FALSE?

It asserts that moral standards vary from society to society.

It requires judgment of other cultures according to the standards of our own culture.

It requires openness to unfamiliar values and norms.

It requires judgment of a culture according to its own standards.

CONCEPT

Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism

The mafia is an example of which of the following types of crime?

Hate crime

Organized crime

White collar crime

Corporate crime

CONCEPT

White Collar Crime and Organized Crime

Ben no longer believes in the legitimacy of the authority and power figures in his life. According to control theory, he is now more likely to act out in deviant ways.

According to control theory, which of the following forces of control no longer restrains Ben's behavior?

Attachment

Opportunity

Belief

Involvement

CONCEPT

Control Theory

Why are women and minority groups more likely to be labeled as deviant by society?

All of the answer choices are correct.

Women and minorities face more constraints, and are subject to more rules.

Society wants more female deviants than male deviants.

They are naturally more deviant than men and non-minority groups.

CONCEPT

Race, Gender and Deviance

Anthony attempts to learn the __________ of the group.

folkways

proscriptive norms

taboos

CONCEPT

Norms

Which of the following is NOT part of due process in the United States?

A right to a trial

A right to be granted parole

A right to an attorney

A right to know the charges against you

CONCEPT

Justice System and Punishment

Sociobiology is heavily influenced by __________.

Gerhard Lenski's five types of society

Robin Williams Jr.'s core values of American life

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution

CONCEPT

Sociobiology

Which of the following arguments is NOT made by supporters of multiculturalism?

It encourages understanding of one's cultural heritage.

It is a way of accepting society's increasing diversity.

It encourages divisiveness and racial separation.

None of the answer choices are correct.

CONCEPT

Multiculturalism

The Miami Heat (a professional basketball team) is an example of which of the following cultural concepts?

Counterculture

Monoculture

Multiculturalism

Subculture

CONCEPT

Subculture and Counterculture

Jack's comments best illustrate which of the following theories of deviance?

Control theory

Strain theory

Conflict theory

Differential association theory

CONCEPT

Strain Theory

What is the difference between real and ideal culture?

Ideal culture describes how people behave. Real culture describes a culture's positive image of itself.

Real culture describes how people behave. Ideal culture describes a culture's positive image of itself.

Real culture consists of our cultural values. Ideal culture consists of our cultural beliefs.

Real culture consists of our values, beliefs, and norms. Ideal culture consists of our taboos.

CONCEPT

Real and Ideal Culture

What is the primary basis for cultural transmission that enables us to share beliefs and perspectives from one generation to the next?

Sociobiology

Subculture

Cultural relativism

Language and symbols

CONCEPT

Symbols and Language

Which of the following is a process that consists of four stages: hunting and gathering, horticulture and pastoralism, agriculture, and industry?

Post-industrialism

Eurocentrism

Social organization

Technology

CONCEPT

Lenski's Five Types of Society

Beginning in the 1970s and continuing through the present, an increasing number of deviant acts have been characterized in the U.S. as illnesses requiring treatment, rather than as crimes requiring punishment.

This process is called which of the following?

Institutionalization of deviance

Stigmatization of deviance

Medicalization of deviance

Feminization of deviance

CONCEPT

Labeling Theory

Which of the following is an example of a community-based correction?

Retribution

Death penalty

Parole

Societal protection

CONCEPT

Societal Protection

When manufacturers and other businesses pollute the environment, causing problems for the surrounding community, they commit which of the following types of crime?

White collar crime

Hate crime

Corporate crime

Organized crime

CONCEPT

Types of Crime

The argument that those who challenge the capitalist system will be controlled by the criminal justice system illustrates which of the following theories of crime and deviance?

Control theory

Conflict theory

Differential association theory

Labeling theory

CONCEPT

Conflict Theory and Deviance

Who was Edwin Sutherland?

An anthropologist who theorized differential association

A sociologist and criminologist who theorized differential association

A sociologist and criminologist who theorized social conflict

An anthropologist who theorized social conflict

CONCEPT

Differential Association Theory

This is an example of __________.

cultural lag

subculture

cultural integration

ideal culture

CONCEPT

Cultural Change and Integration

The argument that every social institution (including the law) supports the interests of the rich is part of which of the following theories?

Labeling theory

Control theory

Conflict theory

Differential association theory

Which of the following statements about sociobiology is true?

Sociobiology works to disprove Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.

Sociobiology has no explanation for cultural universals.

Sociobiology examines the biological factors that shape culture.

Caitlin is an archaeologist who is writing her dissertation on the Mayan rite of human sacrifice. She travels to Central America and examines Mayan ruins and cultural artifacts. She attempts to make inferences about their cultural worldview and beliefs. By doing do, she hopes to better understand the sacrifice ritual.

Caitlin tries to understand the Mayans' __________ by investigating their material culture.

non-material culture

technology

society

Which of the following statements about strain theory is true?

Strain theory argues that group associations explain why people engage in deviant behavior.

Strain theory was developed by Robert K. Merton.

Strain theory argues that people always conform because they want to get ahead.

asserts that all aspects of culture are connected and affect each other.

Strain theory

Control theory

Cultural lag

Cultural integration

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a crime against the person?

Sexual assault

Burglary and vandalism of a convenience store

A fist fight between two people, leading to injuries and intervention by law enforcement

Which of the following terms best describes the social process through which we share beliefs, knowledge, and understanding of the world?

Symbolic language

Cultural transmission

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Which of the following is one of Max Weber's characteristics of bureaucracy?

Formal communications

Rules and regulations

Specialization

All of the answer choices are correct.

CONCEPT

Characteristics of Bureaucracy

Which of the following statements is an accurate description of the Thomas Theorem?

Situations we think are real have real consequences for how we act.

Situations defined as real are always real.

Situations defined as real are only real when someone in power says they are real.

None of the answer choices are correct.

CONCEPT

Thomas Theorem

Stacy is an upper-class white woman from Minneapolis who marries an upper-class white man, Ken, who is from Cincinnati.

Stacy and Ken have which of the following types of marriage?

Polygamous

Exogamous

Homogamous

CONCEPT

Marriage Patterns

Janelle fears that she will be a victim of which of the following?

Ageism

Gerontology

Old age

Gerontocracy

CONCEPT

Socialization: The Life Course

Which of the following is a potential advantage of modern reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization?

Both of the answer choices are correct.

Neither of the answer choices is correct.

They provide couples who cannot conceive the opportunity to have a child.

They may reduce the number of birth defects.

CONCEPT

In Vitro Fertilization

According to George Ritzer, which of the following lists the four principles associated with the McDonaldization of society?

Efficiency, predictability, uniformity, and control

Specialization, hierarchy, impersonality, and clear rules

Flexibility, competition, creativity, and control

Efficiency, unpredictability, diversity, and control

CONCEPT

Scientific Management

Which of the following statements about symbolic interaction theory is true?

Symbolic interaction theory was created by Emile Durkheim.

Symbolic interaction theory focuses on the meanings that individuals give to actions in specific situations.

Symbolic interaction theory states that society is a complex and interconnected machine with many interlocking parts that, together, form a system.

Symbolic interaction theory states that society is an arena of conflict between groups over scarce resources.

CONCEPT

Social Construction of Reality

Which of the following statements about total institutions is NOT true?

People within a total institution are never given rewards.

Resocialization occurs within total institutions.

All aspects of life are controlled within total institutions.

Life is standardized and made uniform within total institutions.

CONCEPT

Resocialization and Total Institutions

Being a pediatrician is an example of which of the following types of status?

Achieved status

Status set

Ascribed status

CONCEPT

Status

Veronica practices a solo she will perform at her school's talent show. While choosing her music, costume, and choreography, she considers how the audience might react.

In this scenario, Veronica uses a __________ to evaluate the impact of her creative choices.

primary group

reference group

social group

secondary group

CONCEPT

Reference Groups

Andrew is a sociology professor teaching an introductory course. He notices that one of his students is slouching, with her head down.

The student's __________ tells Andrew that she is not very interested in the lecture.

demeanor

eye contact

personal space

face

CONCEPT

Nonverbal Communication

This scenario illustrates which of the following problems of bureaucracy?

Bureaucratic inertia

Oligarchy

Bureaucratic alienation

Bureaucratic ritualism

CONCEPT

Problems of Bureaucracy

Which of the following is NOT a correct pairing?

Dramaturgical analysis

Social life is like a theater

Dramaturgical analysis

Erving Goffman

Dramaturgical analysis

Life is dramatic

Dramaturgical analysis

Front stage and back stage

CONCEPT

Goffman's Dramaturgical Analysis

Which of the following definitions of a basic family concept is correct?

Family is a group of two or more people who cooperate economically, and are related by blood or affiliation.

Marriage is a legal union, usually involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, and (often) children.

Kinship is a culturally-patterned social relationship based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption.

All of the answer choices are correct.

CONCEPT

Family: Basic Concepts

Societies in which men have more power, and in which it is important for fathers to pass on property and power to their sons, will likely have which of the following systems of descent?

Property-based descent

Bilateral descent

Matrilineal descent

Patrilineal descent

CONCEPT

Descent

In a few weeks, John will go to Army boot camp. He has spoken with relatives who completed boot camp training to find out what to expect, and how to be successful.

This process of acquiring knowledge that can be applied to future roles is called __________.

preoperational stage

cohort

anticipatory socialization

status

CONCEPT

Socialization: Peer Groups and Media

Which of the following is an example of a primary group?

You and the other students who attend your school

You and your siblings

You and the members of your knitting club

You and your inner self

CONCEPT

Groups

Jeremy and Christina are a couple in their twenties who live in New York City. They move in together to reduce the cost of living in such an expensive city. Previously, they paid high rents to live in separate studio apartments.

Together, Jeremy and Christina are an example of which of the following?

A blended family

Economic independence

A unit of economic cooperation

Cohabitation

CONCEPT

Divorce, Blended Families, and Cohabitation

Select the true statement about symbolic interaction theory's approach to the family.

This approach is based on the idea that the family helps to ensure that society functions properly.

This approach has a broad, macro-level orientation.

This approach is based on the principle of complex negotiations for an equal trade.

This approach is based on the idea that people create reality through their interactions.

CONCEPT

Theoretical Approaches to Family

Malik graduated from college and began working as an energy analyst. His primary duty is to help businesses to become energy-efficient.

Malik's primary duty is an example of which of the following?

Role conflicts

Statuses

Role strains

Roles

CONCEPT

Roles

Which of the following statements about family violence is FALSE?

Family violence is considered a legal matter only when a man attacks a woman.

States have changed their laws so that women can obtain court protection from an abusive spouse.

Women are more likely than men to be injured by a family member.

Both men and women can be violent towards children.

CONCEPT

Family Violence

Which of the following is NOT a key finding of Solomon Asch's research?

People will compromise their beliefs to avoid being judged as nonconformists.

People will give in to social pressure in small groups.

Groups can produce conformity.

People feel less pressure to conform in small groups than they do in larger ones.

CONCEPT

Group Conformity Studies

Select the true statement about the McDonaldization of society.

Its key characteristics include creativity and optimization.

It is a way of describing the industrialization of our society.

Its key characteristics include inefficiency and unpredictability.

It is a way of describing the standardization of our society.

CONCEPT

Scientific Management

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

Polygamy

Marriage to one person at a time

Endogamy

A marriage norm that requires group members to marry someone outside of the group

Homogamy

Marriage between people who are different

None of the answer choices are correct.

CONCEPT

Marriage Patterns

Which of the following is a type of reference group?

Both of the answer choices are correct.

Groups to which we want to belong

Groups to which we already belong

Neither of the answer choices is correct.

CONCEPT

Reference Groups

Being someone's nephew is an example of which of the following types of status?

Achieved status

Ascribed status

Status set

CONCEPT

Status

Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between total institutions and resocialization?

The only reason that total institutions exist is to promote resocialization.

Resocialization occurs within a total institution.

Total institutions cannot exist without resocialization.

Resocialization gives people their identities, and total institutions break those identities down.

CONCEPT

Resocialization and Total Institutions

The argument that people behave according to their interpretation of a situation, whether the interpretation is true or not, is called __________.

the presentation of self

the Thomas Theorem

anticipatory socialization

CONCEPT

Thomas Theorem

The tendency for people to behave in social settings as if they were actors in a play is called which of the following?

Thomas Theorem

Dramaturgical analysis

Ethnomethodology

Looking-glass self

CONCEPT

Goffman's Dramaturgical Analysis

Select the true statement about social conflict theory's approach to the family.

Social conflict theory states that the family helps to ensure that society runs smoothly.

In this theory, relationships are viewed as a series of complex negotiations for an equal trade.

This theory states that reality is something people create through their interactions.

This theory describes the family as an instrument for the consolidation of property and wealth, to the detriment of other families.

CONCEPT

Theoretical Approaches to Family

Which of the following is NOT a key finding of Solomon Asch's research?

People will compromise their beliefs to avoid being judged as nonconformists.

Groups can produce conformity.

People feel less pressure to conform in small groups than they do in larger ones.

People will give in to social pressure in small groups.

CONCEPT

Group Conformity Studies

Which of the following is an example of a secondary group?

You and your family

You and your best friends

You and your inner self

You and the other people protesting a law that you consider unjust

CONCEPT

Groups

This problem, which is associated with bureaucracies, happens as workers begin to feel more like objects or tools than people.

Which of the following best fits this description?

Bureaucratic alienation

Bureaucratic ritualism

Oligarchy

Bureaucratic inertia

CONCEPT

Problems of Bureaucracy

Which of the following statements about nonverbal communication is FALSE?

Body language and gestures can communicate one's feelings.

Losing face occurs when there is a disconnect between one's actions and words.

Humans always pay attention to nonverbal communication, whether we realize it or not.

The amount of personal space people expect can vary by culture.

CONCEPT

Nonverbal Communication

Which of the following groups most often suffers from family violence?

Both women and children

Children

Men

Women

CONCEPT

Family Violence

Which of the following is a potential advantage of modern reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization?

They provide couples who cannot conceive the opportunity to have a child.

They may increase the odds of couples having a healthy baby.

They may help to reduce serious birth defects.

All of the answer choices are correct.

CONCEPT

In Vitro Fertilization

Janelle fears that she will be a victim of which of the following?

Gerontology

Old age

Ageism

Gerontocracy

CONCEPT

Socialization: The Life Course

The process in which Abigail learns the social behaviors of the group to which she wants to belong is called __________ socialization.

assimilation

cultural

anticipatory

intrapersonal

CONCEPT

Socialization: Peer Groups and Media

Which of the following statements about the causes of the divorce rate in the U.S. is FALSE?

People are more individualistic and concerned with their personal happiness.

Legally, it has become easier to get a divorce.

Women are less dependent on men.

Divorce has become less socially acceptable.

CONCEPT

Divorce, Blended Families, and Cohabitation

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

Descent

Tracing property transfers from generation to generation

Bilateral descent

Tracing descent through both the mother and the father

Patrilineal descent

Tracing descent through female family members

Matrilineal descent

Tracing decent through the father

CONCEPT

Descent

The social construction of reality holds which of the following to be true?

Reality is fixed— the meanings of things, places, people, and events do not change.

Only small meanings, like the meaning of a word, can change. Bigger meanings, like the meaning of American society, are fixed.

Reality is not fixed— it changes as humans create new meanings.

The meanings of things, events, and people only change when someone in power wants them to change.

CONCEPT

Social Construction of Reality

Which of the following is one of Max Weber's characteristics of bureaucracy?

Formal communications

Rules and regulations

Specialization

All of the answer choices are correct.

CONCEPT

Characteristics of Bureaucracy

A(n) __________ includes grandparents, cousins, aunts, and uncles, in addition to the parents and their children.

blended family

extended family

kinship

nuclear family

CONCEPT

Family: Basic Concepts

Malik graduated from college and began working as an energy analyst. His primary duty is to help businesses to become energy-efficient.

Malik's primary duty is an example of which of the following?

Statuses

Roles

Role conflicts

Role strains

Which of the following statements about family violence is FALSE?

Family violence is considered a legal matter only when a man attacks a woman.

States have changed their laws so that women can obtain court protection from an abusive spouse.

Women are more likely than men to be injured by a family member.

Both men and women can be violent towards children.

CONCEPT

Family Violence

Which of the following is NOT one of Max Weber's six key characteristics of bureaucracy?

Hierarchy of offices

Technical proficiency

Rules and regulations

Personalization

CONCEPT

Characteristics of Bureaucracy

Select the true statement about symbolic interaction theory's approach to the family.

This approach has a broad, macro-level orientation.

This approach is based on the idea that people create reality through their interactions.

This approach is based on the principle of complex negotiations for an equal trade.

This approach is based on the idea that the family helps to ensure that society functions properly.

CONCEPT

Theoretical Approaches to Family

A key function of __________ is to socialize children and share cultural values.

mass media

marriage

families

kinship

CONCEPT

Family: Basic Concepts

Which of the following statements about nonverbal communication is FALSE?

Losing face occurs when there is a disconnect between one's actions and words.

Body language and gestures can communicate one's feelings.

The amount of personal space people expect can vary by culture.

Humans always pay attention to nonverbal communication, whether we realize it or not.

CONCEPT

Nonverbal Communication

Which of the following was a key finding of Solomon Asch's research?

People will compromise their personal beliefs to fit in with a group.

People are less likely to conform in a small group.

People will readily inflict pain on another person if there is group pressure to do so.

People will adjust to their environment.

CONCEPT

Group Conformity Studies

Which of the following is NOT a common reason for divorce?

Individualism is increasing.

People become bored more easily today, due to the prevalence of social distractions.

Getting a divorce is easier than it used to be.

Divorce is less-stigmatized than it used to be.

CONCEPT

Divorce, Blended Families, and Cohabitation

Societies in which men have more power, and in which it is important for fathers to pass on property and power to their sons, will likely have which of the following systems of descent?

Property-based descent

Bilateral descent

Patrilineal descent

Matrilineal descent

CONCEPT

Descent

The long hours that Cindy works as a waitress are interfering with her college coursework.

This is an example of which of the following?

Role strain

Master status

Role exit

Role conflict

CONCEPT

Roles

This problem, which is associated with bureaucracies, happens as workers begin to feel more like objects or tools than people.

Which of the following best fits this description?

Bureaucratic inertia

Bureaucratic alienation

Bureaucratic ritualism

Oligarchy

CONCEPT

Problems of Bureaucracy

Being someone's nephew is an example of which of the following types of status?

Achieved status

Ascribed status

Status set

CONCEPT

Status

Stacy is an upper-class white woman from Minneapolis who marries an upper-class white man, Ken, who is from Cincinnati.

Stacy and Ken have which of the following types of marriage?

Exogamous

Polygamous

Homogamous

CONCEPT

Marriage Patterns

Which of the following is an example of a primary group?

You and your inner self

You and the other students who attend your school

You and your siblings

You and the members of your knitting club

CONCEPT

Groups

Which of the following is a type of reference group?

Both of the answer choices are correct.

Neither of the answer choices is correct.

Groups to which we want to belong

Groups to which we already belong

CONCEPT

Reference Groups

In a __________, the political power of the ruling class increases as it ages.

ageism

gerontocracy

bilateral descent

gerontology

CONCEPT

Socialization: The Life Course

Which of the following statements is an accurate description of the Thomas Theorem?

Situations defined as real are always real.

Situations defined as real are only real when someone in power says they are real.

None of the answer choices are correct.

Situations we think are real have real consequences for how we act.

CONCEPT

Thomas Theorem

Which of the following statements about symbolic interaction theory is true?

Symbolic interaction theory focuses on the meanings that individuals give to actions in specific situations.

Symbolic interaction theory states that society is an arena of conflict between groups over scarce resources.

Symbolic interaction theory was created by Emile Durkheim.

Symbolic interaction theory states that society is a complex and interconnected machine with many interlocking parts that, together, form a system.

CONCEPT

Social Construction of Reality

Which of the following is a potential advantage of modern reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization?

Neither of the answer choices is correct.

They may reduce the number of birth defects.

They provide couples who cannot conceive the opportunity to have a child.

Both of the answer choices are correct.

CONCEPT

In Vitro Fertilization

In a few weeks, John will go to Army boot camp. He has spoken with relatives who completed boot camp training to find out what to expect, and how to be successful.

This process of acquiring knowledge that can be applied to future roles is called __________.

anticipatory socialization

status

cohort

preoperational stage

CONCEPT

Socialization: Peer Groups and Media

Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between total institutions and resocialization?

Resocialization occurs within a total institution.

Total institutions cannot exist without resocialization.

The only reason that total institutions exist is to promote resocialization.

Resocialization gives people their identities, and total institutions break those identities down.

CONCEPT

Resocialization and Total Institutions

Which of the following is NOT a correct pairing?

Dramaturgical analysis

Front stage and back stage

Dramaturgical analysis

Life is dramatic

Dramaturgical analysis

Erving Goffman

Dramaturgical analysis

Social life is like a theater

CONCEPT

Goffman's Dramaturgical Analysis

Which of the following is NOT a principle of the McDonaldization of society?

Structure

Predictability

Control

Uniformity

Iris lives in a tribal society. She doesn't consider her father's sister to be a member of her family.

Which of the following systems of descent is used in Iris' society?

Bilateral descent

Property-based descent

Patrilineal descent

Matrilineal descent

Which of the following is one of Max Weber's six key characteristics of bureaucracy?

Personality

Verbal communication

Rules and regulations

Generalization

Which of the following is a problem associated with bureaucracies that is related to the tendency of formal organizations to dehumanize employees?

Bureaucratic inertia

Bureaucratic ritualism

Oligarchy

Bureaucratic alienation

Select the true statement about structural-functional theory's approach to the family.

According to this theory, reality is something that people create through their interactions.

According to this theory, the family is a means to consolidate property and wealth.

According to this theory, relationships are a series of complex negotiations for an equal trade.

According to this theory, the family helps to ensure that society runs smoothly.

Societies in which men have more than one wife, or women have more than one husband, are societies in which __________ is practiced.

monogamy

endogamy

polygamy

homogamy

Which of the following events gave greater urgency to the Constitutional Convention held in Philadelphia?

The Great Compromise

Washington's election as president

The Annapolis Convention

Shay's Rebellion

Which statement most accurately reflects the views of Thomas Jefferson?

"Landowners and farmers provide the foundation for the economy, not merchants and manufacturers."

"The Constitution should be interpreted such that Congress has any rights not explicitly withheld."

"The first thing we must do is honor all of our debts and prove ourselves worthy of credit."

“I believe we can stabilize the American economy by establishing a national bank.”

Which of the following definitions of a basic family concept is correct?

Marriage is a legal union, usually involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, and (often) children.

All of the answer choices are correct.

Family is a group of two or more people who cooperate economically, and are related by blood or affiliation.

Kinship is a culturally-patterned social relationship based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption.

Arnold struggles to manage the demands of his job as an executive at a large company.

Which of the following sociological terms best describes what Arnold is experiencing?

Role exit

Role conflict

Master status

Role strain

Which of the following statements about personal space is true?

We do not send any messages with our body movements through space.

Notions of personal space are the same in every culture.

Notions of personal space vary by culture.

The foot of space immediately surrounding your body is always your personal space.

Being an Olympic gold medalist is an example of which of the following types of status?

Ascribed status

Status set

Achieved status

Before affirmative action laws were implemented as a result of the civil rights movement, there was nothing to prevent employment discrimination against people of color.

What type of discrimination is illustrated by this example?

Institutional prejudice

Prejudice

Racism

Institutional discrimination

CONCEPT

Discrimination

Which of the following is NOT one of the key principles of feminism?

Support for social equality for women and men

Ending violence against women

Support for a right to choose regarding sexuality and reproduction

Promoting the superiority of women over men

CONCEPT

Feminism

Which of the following theories argues that certain people hold more prejudiced beliefs than others because of their inflexible personalities?

Culture theory

Conflict theory

Scapegoat theory

Authoritarian personality theory

CONCEPT

Theories of Inequality in Race

Which the following is an example of colonialism?

Spain builds permanent settlements in South America for economic gain.

The British establish a presence in India during the years of the opium trade.

All of the answer choices are correct.

European countries establish roots in the Caribbean region to gain access to sugarcane.

CONCEPT

Colonialism and Neocolonialism

Which of the following statements is consistent with Immanuel Wallerstein's model of the capitalist world economy?

Colonization fueled the growth of a global economy.

Foreign debt contributes to the dependence of poor nations on rich nations.

Middle-income countries form the global economy's semi-periphery.

All of the answer choices are correct.

CONCEPT

Capitalist World Economy

A professor has social prestige, but not much economic wealth.

A professor, therefore, does not have __________.

status consistency

a place in a meritocracy

class position

social mobility

CONCEPT

Class System

Which of the following identifies a society with a system of stratification that allows almost no social mobility?

Meritocracy

Bureaucracy

Closed society or caste system

Open society or class system

CONCEPT

Social Stratification

Which of the following is a characteristic of fundamentalism?

Fundamentalists are intolerant of other people's beliefs.

Fundamentalists believe in a literal interpretation of sacred texts, inlcuding the Bible.

Both of the answer choices are correct.

CONCEPT

Religious Organizations

Which of the following is NOT a claim made by the Davis Moore Thesis?

All societies have experienced social stratification of some kind.

In a division of labor, some jobs are more functional for the maintenance of society than others.

Social stratification will decrease (or vanish) when a society reaches the period of post-industrialism.

Social stratification is a functional need of society because it ensures that all classes of jobs will be filled.

CONCEPT

Davis Moore Thesis and the Egalitarian Society

Brazil and Iran are examples of which of the following?

Core countries

Low-income countries

Middle-income countries

High-income countries

CONCEPT

High, Middle and Low Income Countries

Sweatshop workers are affected by the practice of __________, in which employers charge employees for necessities (e.g., housing), but don't pay them enough to cover those costs.

chattel slavery

human trafficking

debt bondage

child slavery

CONCEPT

Slavery and Human Trafficking

Which of the following is true of sexual harassment?

Sexual harassment is not a social problem.

It never happens in the workplace.

Men experience more sexual harassment than women.

Women experience more sexual harassment than men.

CONCEPT

Problems in Gender Inequality

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major functions of religion identified by sociologist Emile Durkheim?

Creating discord and conflict about religious beliefs

Promoting conformity to certain social norms

Bonding through rituals, customs, and symbols

Providing people with a sense of purpose and comfort

CONCEPT

Functions of Religion

Which of the following statements is consistent with the conclusions anthropologist Margaret Mead drew from her research on societies in New Guinea?

Mead found that masculinity and femininity were defined similarly across cultures.

Mead discovered that cultural differences are more important than biological differences in shaping gender role expectations.

Mead concluded that gender is based on biological differences.

CONCEPT

Gender and Gender Stratification

James has strong negative attitudes towards immigrants. He believes that immigrants are the reason why he doesn't have a job.

James' beliefs about immigrants are an example of which of the following?

Discrimination

Prejudice

Ethnic discrimination

Racism

CONCEPT

Race and Ethnicity: Prejudice and Racism

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

Intersectionality

The theory of how race influences opportunities

Gender roles

Socially-structured responsibilities that are part of being male or female

Gender roles

Discrimination based on sex

Patriarchy

Rule by females

CONCEPT

Gender Roles and Sexism

Which of the following claims is supported by the Kuznets curve?

Equality in society starts to decrease during the period of industrialization.

Inequality is very low in societies that are not technologically advanced.

There is no clear relationship between technology and inequality.

CONCEPT

Kuznets Curve

Classmates Jenna and Damion discuss some of the topics that have come up in their sociology course.

Jenna says, (A) "__________ is a problem in the United States, because there are too many people living in shelters and on the streets."

Damion replies, "That's true, but the best way to deal with the problem is through trickle-down economics and (B) __________ — giving tax breaks to corporations so that they will create jobs."

(A) Homelessness, (B) individual welfare

(A) Homelessness, (B) corporate welfare

(A) Relative poverty, (B) individual welfare

(A) Functional poverty, (B) corporate welfare

CONCEPT

Poverty, Welfare and Power

According to Karl Marx, __________ experience exploitation and inequality.

capitalists

colonial powers

imperial powers

proletarians

CONCEPT

Marx and Class Conflict

Which of the following is true of ethnic categories in the United States?

The meaning of ethnic categories in the United States is not subject to social changes and current events.

Ethnic categories are natural categories that reflect biological differences between people.

Ethnic categories are not related to a geographic location of origin (e.g., to a country of origin).

Ethnic categories are socially constructed attributes that are given meaning by people in society.

CONCEPT

Race and Ethnicity in the US

Thorstein Veblen coined the term __________ to describe the outrageous display of wealth and symbols of wealth.

white-collar

capitalism

meritocracy

conspicuous consumption

CONCEPT

Income, Wealth, and Occupations

According to Rostow's stages of modernization, in which stage do luxuries become necessities to most of society?

Traditional stage

Stage of mass consumption

Take-off stage

Stage of highly-advanced technology

CONCEPT

Modernization and Dependency Theory

The attacks on members of the Tutsi tribe by Hutus (another tribe in Rwanda), which were intended to eliminate the Tutsis, are an example of __________.

genocide

apartheid

segregation

pluralism

Which theory states that poverty, and the poor, are necessary for society to run smoothly?

Structural-functional theory

Social conflict theory

Social exchange theory

Symbolic interaction theory

CONCEPT

Davis Moore Thesis and the Egalitarian Society

Which of the following statements is consistent with the conclusions anthropologist Margaret Mead drew from her research on societies in New Guinea?

Mead found that masculinity and femininity were defined similarly across cultures.

Mead discovered that cultural differences are more important than biological differences in shaping gender role expectations.

Mead concluded that gender is based on biological differences.

CONCEPT

Gender and Gender Stratification

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major functions of religion identified by sociologist Emile Durkheim?

Promoting conformity to certain social norms

Bonding through rituals, customs, and symbols

Providing people with a sense of purpose and comfort

Creating discord and conflict about religious beliefs

CONCEPT

Functions of Religion

Which of the following identifies a society with a system of stratification that allows almost no social mobility?

Open society or class system

Meritocracy

Bureaucracy

Closed society or caste system

CONCEPT

Social Stratification

The Kuznets curve is a graphical representation of which of the following ideas?

Technological advances increase inequality in society before decreasing it.

Technological advances always lead to less inequality.

Technological advances have an unpredictable relationship to social inequality.

Technological advances always lead to more inequality.

CONCEPT

Kuznets Curve

Classmates Jenna and Damion discuss some of the topics that have come up in their sociology course.

Jenna says, (A) "__________ is a problem in the United States, because there are too many people living in shelters and on the streets."

Damion replies, "That's true, but the best way to deal with the problem is through trickle-down economics and (B) __________ — giving tax breaks to corporations so that they will create jobs."

(A) Functional poverty, (B) corporate welfare

(A) Homelessness, (B) corporate welfare

(A) Relative poverty, (B) individual welfare

(A) Homelessness, (B) individual welfare

CONCEPT

Poverty, Welfare and Power

This period in American history is an example of which of the following?

Stereotyping

Segregation

Miscegenation

Pluralism

CONCEPT

Inequalities in Patterns of Interaction

Which of the following statements accurately reflects world systems theory?

Rich countries form the core of the world economy and economically exploit poor countries that are situated on the periphery.

The core of the world economy consists of low-income nations that produce most of the world's goods.

Semi-peripheral countries exploit those on the periphery, and are not exploited by those at the core.

CONCEPT

Capitalist World Economy

__________ refers to exploitation and domination by multinational corporations.

Neocolonialism

Dependency theory

Colonialism

Modernization theory

CONCEPT

Colonialism and Neocolonialism

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

Sexual harassment

Harassment that always occurs in the home

Feminism

A position that promotes female dominance over men

Sexual harassment

Harassment that only involves physical contact

Feminism

Support for equality between men and women

CONCEPT

Problems in Gender Inequality

Marx's term for those who control the means of production is __________.

proletarians

socialists

capitalists

alienators

CONCEPT

Marx and Class Conflict

Which of the following is a characteristic of fundamentalism?

Fundamentalists are intolerant of other people's beliefs.

Fundamentalists believe in a literal interpretation of sacred texts, inlcuding the Bible.

Both of the answer choices are correct.

CONCEPT

Religious Organizations

Scandinavians (people who live in northern European countries including Norway, Sweden, and Finland) are an example of which of the following?

An ethnic group

A minority group

A racial group

CONCEPT

Race and Ethnicity: Prejudice and Racism

Compared to other countries, China and Peru have an average standard of living.

China and Peru, therefore, are examples of which of the following?

Middle-income countries

Low-income countries

Core countries

High-income countries

CONCEPT

High, Middle and Low Income Countries

Sweatshop workers are affected by the practice of __________, in which employers charge employees for necessities (e.g., housing), but don't pay them enough to cover those costs.

chattel slavery

child slavery

human trafficking

debt bondage

CONCEPT

Slavery and Human Trafficking

Jim earns $100,000 a year at his job. He owes $20,000 a year for his home mortgage payment, and $30,000 a year for his combined cabin, boat, and car payments.

What is Jim's yearly accumulated wealth before he spends anything on himself or his family?

$55,000

$50,000

$100,000

$30,000

CONCEPT

Income, Wealth, and Occupations

Both white ethnic Americans and white Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs) are white.

What is the difference between these two ethnic groups?

White ethnic Americans trace their ancestry to the original inhabitants of North America; WASPs trace their ancestry to English Protestant groups.

White ethnic Americans descend from disadvantaged Europeans; WASPs descend from English Protestants.

White ethnic Americans trace their ancestry to white Europeans; WASPs are descended from disadvantaged English Protestants.

None of the answer choices are correct.

CONCEPT

Race and Ethnicity in the US

A nation that has increased its standard of living so that most people can now acquire many products and services whenever they want, is in which of Rostow's stages of modernization?

Traditional stage

High mass consumption

Drive to technological maturity

Take-off stage

CONCEPT

Modernization and Dependency Theory

Researchers have found that, even when income and neighborhood quality are similar, banks are more likely to reject home mortgage applications from minority applicants than from white people.

This is an example of which of the following?

Stereotyping

Prejudice

Institutionalized discrimination

Miscegenation

CONCEPT

Discrimination

When the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union dissolved, many people experienced __________ because these large social changes impacted their life circumstances and position in society.

the dissolution of a caste system

the transition to a class system

the transition to a meritocracy

structural social mobility

CONCEPT

Class System

In many societies, men are expected to be tough and aggressive.

This is an example of __________, behaviors that society deems appropriate for men or women.

intersectionality

sexism

gender stratification

a gender role

CONCEPT

Gender Roles and Sexism

Which of the following is NOT one of the key principles of feminism?

Promoting the superiority of women over men

Support for social equality for women and men

Support for a right to choose regarding sexuality and reproduction

Ending violence against women

CONCEPT

Feminism

Which of the following theories argues that certain people hold more prejudiced beliefs than others because of their inflexible personalities?

Authoritarian personality theory

Culture theory

Conflict theory

Scapegoat theory

Which of the following theories argues that certain people hold more prejudiced beliefs than others because of their inflexible personalities?

Culture theory

Conflict theory

Authoritarian personality theory

Scapegoat theory

CONCEPT

Theories of Inequality in Race

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major functions of religion identified by sociologist Emile Durkheim?

Providing people with a sense of purpose and comfort

Bonding through rituals, customs, and symbols

Promoting conformity to certain social norms

Creating discord and conflict about religious beliefs

CONCEPT

Functions of Religion

Scandinavians (people who live in northern European countries including Norway, Sweden, and Finland) are an example of which of the following?

A minority group

An ethnic group

A racial group

CONCEPT

Race and Ethnicity: Prejudice and Racism

Which of the following claims is supported by the Kuznets curve?

Inequality is very low in societies that are not technologically advanced.

Equality in society starts to decrease during the period of industrialization.

There is no clear relationship between technology and inequality.

CONCEPT

Kuznets Curve

Which of the following is true of sexual harassment?

Sexual harassment is not a social problem.

Women experience more sexual harassment than men.

Men experience more sexual harassment than women.

It never happens in the workplace.

CONCEPT

Problems in Gender Inequality

According to Karl Marx, __________ experience exploitation and inequality.

imperial powers

capitalists

proletarians

colonial powers

CONCEPT

Marx and Class Conflict

Which of the following is a characteristic of fundamentalism?

Fundamentalists are intolerant of other people's beliefs.

Fundamentalists believe in a literal interpretation of sacred texts, inlcuding the Bible.

Both of the answer choices are correct.

CONCEPT

Religious Organizations

A professor has social prestige, but not much economic wealth.

A professor, therefore, does not have __________.

class position

a place in a meritocracy

status consistency

social mobility

CONCEPT

Class System

Which of the following statements accurately reflects world systems theory?

Semi-peripheral countries exploit those on the periphery, and are not exploited by those at the core.

The core of the world economy consists of low-income nations that produce most of the world's goods.

Rich countries form the core of the world economy and economically exploit poor countries that are situated on the periphery.

CONCEPT

Capitalist World Economy

According to __________, gender is a socially-constructed concept that has a significant impact on our lives.

pluralism

intersectionality

feminism

miscegenation

CONCEPT

Feminism

Both white ethnic Americans and white Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs) are white.

What is the difference between these two ethnic groups?

White ethnic Americans trace their ancestry to the original inhabitants of North America; WASPs trace their ancestry to English Protestant groups.

White ethnic Americans descend from disadvantaged Europeans; WASPs descend from English Protestants.

White ethnic Americans trace their ancestry to white Europeans; WASPs are descended from disadvantaged English Protestants.

None of the answer choices are correct.

CONCEPT

Race and Ethnicity in the US

In some parts of the world, arranged marriages bind women to men they did not choose to marry.

These arrangements are an example of which of the following types of slavery?

Economic slavery

Servile forms of marriage

Indentured slavery

Sex slavery

CONCEPT

Slavery and Human Trafficking

Which of the following is NOT a claim made by the Davis Moore Thesis?

Social stratification will decrease (or vanish) when a society reaches the period of post-industrialism.

Social stratification is a functional need of society because it ensures that all classes of jobs will be filled.

In a division of labor, some jobs are more functional for the maintenance of society than others.

All societies have experienced social stratification of some kind.

CONCEPT

Davis Moore Thesis and the Egalitarian Society

A nation that has increased its standard of living so that most people can now acquire many products and services whenever they want, is in which of Rostow's stages of modernization?

Take-off stage

Drive to technological maturity

High mass consumption

Traditional stage

CONCEPT

Modernization and Dependency Theory

The form of poverty in which a person meets all of his or her basic needs, but has no savings is called __________.

egalitarianism

relative poverty

class conflict

functional poverty

CONCEPT

Poverty, Welfare and Power

Before affirmative action laws were implemented as a result of the civil rights movement, there was nothing to prevent employment discrimination against people of color.

What type of discrimination is illustrated by this example?

Institutional prejudice

Prejudice

Institutional discrimination

Racism

CONCEPT

Discrimination

Monica and Marta discuss their plans for life after school. Earlier in the day, a guidance counselor visited their class and encouraged students to "be the best you can be." Monica scoffed at the guidance counselor's words and told Marta, "We're part of a minority group (Mexican immigrants). Our families don't have much money, and we're female. The cards are stacked against us."

Monica's comments indicate which of the following sociological concepts?

Intersectionality

Sexism

Matriarchy

Classism

CONCEPT

Gender Roles and Sexism

Compared to other countries, China and Peru have an average standard of living.

China and Peru, therefore, are examples of which of the following?

Core countries

Low-income countries

Middle-income countries

High-income countries

CONCEPT

High, Middle and Low Income Countries

Which of the following societies has the highest degree of social mobility?

Pre-industrial societies

Societies with the caste system

Societies with the class system

Closed societies

CONCEPT

Social Stratification

Throughout most of the 20th century, South Africa had which of the following social characteristics?

Meritocracy

Caste system

Apartheid

Equality

CONCEPT

Inequalities in Patterns of Interaction

Bob's behavior illustrates which of the following?

Conspicuous consumption

Social mobility

Wealth

Socioeconomic status

CONCEPT

Income, Wealth, and Occupations

Which of the following is an example of neocolonialism?

The United States invades Iraq and works to build a democratic nation.

The United States facilitates the assassination of a socialist president so that a capitalist military leader can come to power in Chile.

Spanish settlers establish a colony in South America.

A multinational mining corporation gains control of the tin mines in Bolivia through close ties with (and payments to) the Bolivian government.

CONCEPT

Colonialism and Neocolonialism

What central insight did anthropologist Margaret Mead achieve as a result of her research on gender in New Guinea?

Mead found that gender roles and behaviors are based on human biological differences.

Mead found that differences in gender roles and behaviors are culturally-patterned, and do not reflect biological differences.

Mead found no real differences between gender roles across societies.

Mead found that men always did the cooking, and that this must have some biological basis.

CONCEPT

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a response to which of the following?

Assimilation

Institutional discrimination

Prejudice

Miscegenation

Gary says he is prejudiced because his father was prejudiced. He believes that prejudicial attitudes are part of our society and are passed from generation to generation.

Gary's comments illustrate which of the following theories of prejudice?

Conflict theory

Culture theory

Authoritarian personality theory

Scapegoat theory

Which of the following statements about Emile Durkheim's perspective on religion is true?

Durkheim believed religion serves as a form of social solidarity, joining people together through rituals, customs, and symbols.

Durkheim asserted that religion is based on sacred beliefs and rituals.

All of the answer choices are correct.

Durkheim saw religion as crucial to the continued maintenance of society.

Which of the following justifications did southern states give for secession?

The North had encouraged slaves to vote for Abraham Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln had emancipated all slaves, which southerners saw as unjust seizure of property.

Southerners were unjustly deprived of property rights by restrictions on where slaves could be owned.

The southern states wanted a stronger national government that represented their own interests.

According to __________, technological development and market forces drive economic inequality.

dependency theory

the Davis Moore Thesis

the Kuznets curve

The argument that everyone is prejudiced in some way is central to which of the following theories of prejudice?

Conflict theory

Culture theory

Authoritarian personality theory

Scapegoat theory

The division of labor includes a variety of positions, from doctors to truck drivers.

According to Davis and Moore, why are some positions better-paid than others?

If all positions were paid (approximately) equally, there would be no incentive to enter professions that are most-needed by society.

None of the answer choices are correct.

Some positions have a higher status. Those who work in those positions earn more.

Some positions are filled only by upper-class people, who demand higher pay.

Which of the following is NOT a variable in the population growth equation?

Number of births

Immigration

Emigration

Infant mortality rate

CONCEPT

Population Growth

Which of the following is a key principle of holistic medicine?

All of the answer choices are correct.

Treatment is individualized and patient-centered.

All aspects of a patient’s health and well-being are considered, with an emphasis on prevention.

Practitioners should teach patients to take charge of their health.

CONCEPT

Health

The concept that describes a move away from many social institutions, rejection of many aspects of modernity, and the rise of consumer society is known as __________.

mass society

modern society

postmodernism

urban expansion

CONCEPT

Individuals and Modernity

The theory that asserts that symbols can be used to boost participation in social movements is called ___________.

culture theory

deprivation theory

political opportunity theory

mass-society theory

CONCEPT

Social Movement Theories

Which of the following questions would be studied at the macro-level?

How has the introduction of computer technology changed the way in which people date and find partners to marry?

Has the introduction of computer technology in the workplace changed the number of people employed in various industries?

Has computer technology changed social interactions among people in coffee shops?

CONCEPT

Technology

Which of the following statements accurately defines urban ecology?

None of the answer choices are correct.

Cities are ecosystems in which meaningful interactions between people and the environment occur.

Cities have displaced the natural ecology.

Cities cannot be understood in ecological terms.

CONCEPT

Louis Wirth and Urban Ecology

Pam tells her husband about everything their daughter is learning in school. "She is learning Microsoft Excel and Word, and there is even a class on online safety."

Pam's husband laughs and says, "We were never taught anything like that when we were in school. The world is changing."

This conversation illustrates which of the following aspects of the American education system?

Progressive education

Mandatory education

Equal opportunity

Public education

CONCEPT

Education and Schooling

Which of the following societies lacked cities?

Hunter-gatherer societies

Industrial societies

Agricultural societies

CONCEPT

Global Population

Lee belongs to a group that is upset about the importance of money in society. Lee and her group believe that money has no value unless we agree that it does. They want to abolish the use of money, so that goods and services can distributed without money being involved.

Lee and her group belong to which of the following social movements?

Reactionary social movement

Revolutionary social movement

Reformative social movement

Alternative social movement

CONCEPT

Social Movements

Which of the following occurs during the pre-industrial stage of demographic transition theory?

Birth and death rates are low.

Population grows quickly.

Death rates remain high, while birth rates decrease.

Birth and death rates are high.

CONCEPT

Malthusian Theory and Demographic Transition Theory

Many of the young people in their late teens and twenties who attend college would otherwise compete for limited opportunities in the job market.

This is an example of which of the following functions of schooling?

Social placement

Socialization

Latent function

Social integration

CONCEPT

Functions of Schooling

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

Ecosystem

The study of how the environment is impacted by society

Ecology

Interactions of organisms with each other, and with the environment, in a specific location

I-PAT

Impact = population divided by affluence, divided by technology

Ecosystem

Interactions of organisms with each other, and with the environment, in a specific location

CONCEPT

Environmental Concepts

She found that students in the group she labeled as "superior" performed better in the classroom. Those in the group labeled "inferior" performed poorly.

The dependent relationship between student performance and group assignment is an example of __________.

parochial schooling

reproduction theory

latent functions of schooling

self-fulfilling prophecy

CONCEPT

Jane Elliot and Jonathan Kozol

According to Ferdinand Tonnies, __________ refers to a society that is strongly focused on individualism.

postmodernity

inner-directedness

gemeinschaft

gesellschaft

CONCEPT

Ferdinand Tonnies

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

Colonial settlement

The period that began industrialization

Megalopolis

A huge (in terms of population and geographic area occupied) urban center that contains a central city surrounded by suburbs

Urban expansion

The era of the greatest growth in cities

Megalopolis

An era defined by industrialization

CONCEPT

US Cities

Sergey and Vladimir are freshmen in high school. The two friends are nervous about upcoming standardized tests, which will be used to determine whether or not they will attend college.

Sergey and Vladimir are nervous about which of the following?

Grade inflation

Functional illiteracy

Student passivity

Tracking

CONCEPT

School Problems

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

Biodiversity

A process in which people use the environment to attack people of different racial groups

Global warming

The rise in global air, water, and surface temperatures due to human consumption of fossil fuels

Environmental racism

A process in which people use the environment to attack people of different racial groups

Urbanization

The rise in global air, water, and surface temperatures due to human consumption of fossil fuels

Which of the following accurately describes a gemeinschaft community?

A small community with no economic exchange

A small, close-knit community that is dominated by an individualist orientation

A small, close-knit community characterized by family bonds and obedience to tradition

A large community characterized by loose market relationships

CONCEPT

Ferdinand Tonnies

Which of the following is NOT a variable in the population growth equation?

Infant mortality rate

Number of births

Immigration

Emigration

CONCEPT

Population Growth

The idea that compares the environment to a bank account from which humans are withdrawing too much while not depositing enough is called __________.

ecosystem failure

environmental deficit

environmental bankruptcy

I-PAT inequality

CONCEPT

Environmental Concepts

Which of the following questions would be studied at the macro-level?

How has the introduction of computer technology changed the way in which people date and find partners to marry?

Has the introduction of computer technology in the workplace changed the number of people employed in various industries?

Has computer technology changed social interactions among people in coffee shops?

CONCEPT

Technology

Which of the following occurs during the pre-industrial stage of demographic transition theory?

Population grows quickly.

Death rates remain high, while birth rates decrease.

Birth and death rates are low.

Birth and death rates are high.

CONCEPT

Malthusian Theory and Demographic Transition Theory

What did Jane Elliot's experiments reveal about expectations and behavior?

Jane Elliot's experiments showed that blue-eyed children are smarter than brown-eyed children.

Jane Elliot's experiments showed that people are sometimes victims of self-fulfilling prophecies.

Jane Elliot's experiments showed that most people have the vision to avoid falling victim to self-fulfilling prophecies.

Jane Elliot's experiments showed that brown-eyed children are smarter than blue-eyed children.

CONCEPT

Jane Elliot and Jonathan Kozol

Which of the following was a driving force of urbanization?

The invention of the cotton gin

Deindustrialization, as people moved to the suburbs, which caused cities to expand geographically

The invention of the spear, which enabled people to hunt more efficiently

Industrialization, as people took jobs at factories in cities

CONCEPT

Global Population

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

Urban expansion

The era of the greatest growth in cities

Megalopolis

A huge (in terms of population and geographic area occupied) urban center that contains a central city surrounded by suburbs

Megalopolis

An era defined by industrialization

Colonial settlement

The period that began industrialization

CONCEPT

US Cities

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

John Dewey

Progressive education

John Dewey

Mandatory education laws

John Dewey

Equal opportunity

CONCEPT

Education and Schooling

Tom was not a good student. He got through school with the help of his peers, but he doesn't read or write well. Tom has difficulty getting a job due to his inability to read and write effectively.

Tom suffers from which of the following?

Social stigma

Illiteracy

Functional illiteracy

A bad school system

CONCEPT

School Problems

The practice in which wealthy people use their influence to distance themselves from environmental hazards and move those hazards closer to minority groups is called __________ .

environmental racism

ecological bankruptcy

ecological prejudice

environmental externality

CONCEPT

Sociological Understanding of the Environment

The theory that asserts that symbols can be used to boost participation in social movements is called ___________.

culture theory

political opportunity theory

deprivation theory

mass-society theory

CONCEPT

Social Movement Theories

What do sociologists call a social character that is focused on making good impressions, and living up to them?

Other-directedness

Gesellschaft

Geminschaft

Inner-directedness

CONCEPT

Individuals and Modernity

Which of the following is a function of schooling?

Social placement

All of the answer choices are correct.

Social integration

Socialization

CONCEPT

Functions of Schooling

Which of the following is a key principle of holistic medicine?

Practitioners should teach patients to take charge of their health.

All of the answer choices are correct.

Treatment is individualized and patient-centered.

All aspects of a patient’s health and well-being are considered, with an emphasis on prevention.

CONCEPT

Health

Which of the following statements accurately defines urban ecology?

Cities have displaced the natural ecology.

Cities are ecosystems in which meaningful interactions between people and the environment occur.

Cities cannot be understood in ecological terms.

None of the answer choices are correct.

CONCEPT

Louis Wirth and Urban Ecology

Lee and her group belong to which of the following social movements?

Reactionary social movement

Alternative social movement

Reformative social movement

Revolutionary social movement

CONCEPT

People in the United States believe that everyone, regardless of race, class, or gender, should have access to the same level of basic education.

This value illustrates which of the following?

Equal opportunity

Progressive education

Mandatory education

Private education

The concept that describes a move away from many social institutions, rejection of many aspects of modernity, and the rise of consumer society is known as __________.

mass society

postmodernism

urban expansion

modern society

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

Death rate

The number of people who die in a society over a given period of time

Mortality

The average number of years for which people in a certain society live

Infant mortality rate

The number of people who die in a society over a given period of time

Birth rate

The number of girls who are born in a society over a given period of time

What was Thomas Malthus' central insight?

Population growth will outpace society's ability to produce enough food for all, leading to a crisis.

Food production will outpace the rate of population growth, so crisis can be averted.

Population growth is not related to the rate of food production.

Population growth will be limited by society's ability to produce food at first, but industrialization will solve the problem by increasing food production.

Which of the following is true of Louis Wirth's view of cities?

Cities are mostly negative, alienating places that are not good for the human spirit.

City life is a problem for modern society.

Cities are unimportant places for sociology.

Cities are the result of a battle between two opposing forces: positive and negative.

Which of the following periods saw the greatest amount of urban growth, and why?

The period of colonial settlement, because millions of settlers arrived

The metropolitan era, because industrialization caused people to move to cities for work

The era of urban expansion, because cities were growing

The era of urban decentralization and suburbanization, because many office jobs moved to the suburbs

Which of the following ratios can be inferred from a population pyramid?

The ratio of young people (0-20 years old) to old people (50 years old and older) in society

All of the answer choices are correct.

The ratio of old men (50 years old and older) to young men (0-20 years old) in society

The ratio of males to females in a society (i.e., the sex ratio)

Higher sea levels, temperature increases, and an increase in disastrous weather events are results of __________.

urbanization

the demographic divide

global warming

environmental racism

Francisco is a social studies teacher at a high school in Chicago. He tries to make his lessons interesting for his students. Although some of them value his lessons, most students don't care about social studies. They would rather be somewhere else.

Most of Francisco's students illustrate which of the following school problems?

Grade inflation

Tracking

Student passivity

Functional illiteracy

How did the first cities in America get started?

No one is sure how the first cities were established.

Colonial settlers established the first cities when they settled permanently and began farming.

Native Americans established the first cities, and colonial settlers moved into them when they arrived.

European immigrants came to America in large numbers and lived in concentrated ethnic centers that grew into cities.

The concept that describes a move away from many social institutions, rejection of many aspects of modernity, and the rise of consumer society is known as __________.

postmodernism

mass society

modern society

urban expansion

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