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Ancient Greek Philosophers All Challenges Sophia Course
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"Is it wrong to lie to prevent an innocent person from going to jail?"
This question would be best answered by which branch of Philosophy?
·a.)
Natural Philosophy
·b.)
Cosmogony
·c.)
Cosmology
·d.)
Ethics
"How do I know if I have knowledge on a topic, or merely opinion?"
This question would be best answered by which branch of Philosophy?
·a.)
Metaphysics
·b.)
Ethics
·c.)
Epistemology
·d.)
Natural Philosophy
"Albert Einstein is credited for the Theory of Relativity, but what kind of thing is a theory?"
This question would be best answered by which branch of Philosophy?
·a.)
Epistemology
·b.)
Ethics
·c.)
Cosmology
·d.)
Metaphysics
Which of the following is a primary benefit of studying philosophy?
·a.)
Adopting the philosophical mindset and seeking justification for beliefs has led to scientific progress and innovation.
·b.)
Philosophy provides the tools necessary to win arguments.
·c.)
Adoption of the philosophical mindset encourages people to use their emotions to make decisions, which helps them to maintain a consistent worldview.
·d.)
The philosophical mindset teaches one how to become a more successful and financially prosperous person.
Which of the following is NOT a primary benefit of studying philosophy?
·a.)
Philosophy has played a significant role in the technological advancement of society.
·b.)
Philosophy can be used to discredit those whose answers to society's questions are wrong.
·c.)
Philosophy has contributed to modern concepts of justice and equality.
·d.)
Philosophy is closely related to the sciences, and has helped to advance many areas of science.
Which of the following is a primary benefit of studying philosophy?
·a.)
Studying philosophy enriches life by enabling individuals to form mere opinions on many topics.
·b.)
A degree in philosophy provides personal satisfaction, although it does not enhance employability.
·c.)
Philosophical concepts of just and fair government are the basis of many of the rights and freedoms enjoyed in the United States today.
·d.)
Businesses can apply philosophical concepts to better advertise their products to consumers.
"While I do not deny that a god or gods exist, we must search for natural explanations of phenomena, rather than crediting phenomena to the gods."
Which ancient philosopher made this view central to his philosophy?
·a.)
Empedocles
·b.)
Xenophanes
·c.)
Protagoras
·d.)
Thales
"Nature is but a reflection of mathematics, a series of patterns and numbers."
This statement most closely represents the views of which ancient philosopher?
·a.)
Pythagoras
·b.)
Empedocles
·c.)
Protagoras
·d.)
Thales
"I assert that the stars in the sky are not gods. As for the universe, before it existed it was an undefined mixture lacking form or definition."
This statement most closely represents the views of which ancient philosopher?
·a.)
Heraclitus
·b.)
Anaxagoras
·c.)
Anaximenes
·d.)
Pythagoras
Select the statement that reflects a central theme of the Atomists.
·a.)
Atomists believe that all things exist as an indivisible physical entity, or a collection of indivisible physical entities.
·b.)
The atomists believed that all matter in the cosmos was created spontaneously.
·c.)
The atomists believed that each being in the universe is differentiated by the number of atoms of which it is composed.
·d.)
The atomistic worldview was primarily based on the study of ethics.
Select the statement that reflects a central belief of the Atomists.
·a.)
Atomists would argue that a duck is a duck because of the unique size of its atoms, which differentiate it from a non-duck.
·b.)
Atomists would argue that a duck is a duck because of the unique number of atoms of which it is constructed.
·c.)
Atomists would argue that a duck is a duck because of the substance of which its atoms are made.
·d.)
Atomists would argue that a duck is a duck because of the unique way its atoms are configured.
Select the statement that reflects a central theme of the Atomists.
·a.)
Atomists would agree that during metamorphosis, a caterpillar ceases to exist and a butterfly is spontaneously created in its place.
·b.)
Atomists would agree that epistemology provides a defensible explanation of why a butterfly differs from a caterpillar.
·c.)
Atomists would agree that a butterfly and a caterpillar exist as a collection of atoms, but their atoms are organized differently.
·d.)
Atomists would agree that a butterfly and a caterpillar are one in the same since a caterpillar becomes a butterfly.
Select the statement that best aligns with the themes presented in Parmenides' metaphysics.
·a.)
The world of reality and the world of appearances contradict one another.
·b.)
The universe is constantly changing and has never been the same from one second to the next.
·c.)
The true nature of reality is discovered through the senses.
·d.)
The essence of right and wrong can be determined through observation of the natural world.
Select the statement that reflects a central idea of Parmenides' metaphysics.
·a.)
The true nature of reality is defined as a paradox.
·b.)
An ever-changing number of atoms constantly restructure the relationship between humans and the universe.
·c.)
The opinions of mortals are genuinely reliable.
·d.)
The universe is one unchanging entity.
Select the statement that is true of Parmenides' metaphysics.
·a.)
Any change we observe in the universe is merely an illusion.
·b.)
It is possible for something to cease to exist and, likewise, to come into being.
·c.)
Reality is no more than our individual perception of it.
·d.)
Our everyday experiences align with Parmenidean metaphysics.
With which statement about metaphysics would Heraclitus have been most likely to agree?
·a.)
Over time, qualities within us change into their opposites.
·b.)
The one true account of reality can only be understood by turning to the gods.
·c.)
The Logos only exists if we are aware of its existence.
·d.)
As mortals, our senses cannot help us to uncover the true nature of reality.
With which statement about metaphysics would Heraclitus have been most likely to agree?
·a.)
The Logos cannot exist if no one is aware of its reality.
·b.)
The true reality is that all things are in a constant state of change.
·c.)
The Logos exists in the physical world that we experience with our senses.
·d.)
The Logos is just one of many true accounts of reality.
With which statement about metaphysics would Heraclitus have been most likely to agree?
·a.)
The existence of the Logos depends upon humans believing that it exists.
·b.)
The Logos exists in the world we experience with our senses.
·c.)
The Logos unifies and organizes all things in the cosmos.
·d.)
The Logos is only true because the gods deem it so.
Challenge 2
Select the statement that distinguishes Socrates' philosophical approach from that of the Pre-Socratics.
·a.)
His main focus was questions, including "are humans truly free or determined?"
·b.)
His main focus was questions, including "what makes a life worth living?"
·c.)
His main focus was questions, including "how did the universe come to be?"
·d.)
His main focus was questions, including "what is real?"
Select the statement that distinguishes Socrates' philosophical approach from that of the Pre-Socratics.
·a.)
He had an interest in studying metaphysics in order to understand the world.
·b.)
He had an interest in using his philosophy to prove that the gods do not exist.
·c.)
He believed that there is no difference between knowledge and opinion.
·d.)
He had a primary interest in determining what is morally right.
Select the statement that distinguishes Socrates' philosophical approach from that of the Pre-Socratics.
·a.)
He had an interest in studying what separates knowledge from opinion.
·b.)
He had an interest in studying the origin of the universe.
·c.)
He had an interest in determining the true nature of reality.
·d.)
His philosophy did not involve a deeply spiritual or religious approach.
Select the statement about the philosophical value of the Socratic Method that is FALSE.
·a.)
It is used to discover why an answer is what it is.
·b.)
It is a teaching method that helps students to build upon their existing knowledge.
·c.)
It is used to discover truth through reasoning.
·d.)
It is used to improve rhetorical skills, which are helpful in winning arguments.
Select the TRUE statement about the philosophical value of the Socratic Method.
·a.)
It is a pedagogical process that helps students to hone their argumentative skills.
·b.)
It is an instructional method that helps students to pursue wisdom.
·c.)
It is a teaching tool that helps students to remember key facts.
·d.)
It is a pedagogical tool that was used only in ancient times, since it is irrelevant to today's society.
Select the statement about the philosophical value of the Socratic Method that is FALSE.
·a.)
Its goal is memorization of important information.
·b.)
It uses existing knowledge as a basis for new knowledge.
·c.)
It is used to teach others an idea or skill.
·d.)
It focuses on helping students to develop deeper understanding.
Kate always walks to work when it is above 50 degrees outside.
Today it is above 50 degrees.
Therefore, Kate will walk to work.
The portion of the preceding argument that is underlined is the __________.
·a.)
premise
·b.)
factual claim
·c.)
inferential claim
·d.)
conclusion
Bob eats in the morning or the evening.
He didn't eat in the morning.
So, he eats in the evening.
The portion of the preceding argument that is underlined is the __________.
·a.)
inferential claim
·b.)
factual claim
·c.)
premise
·d.)
conclusion
Marnie always wears either a grey, black, or tan shirt.
She didn't wear a grey shirt today.
She didn't wear a black shirt today.
Therefore, her shirt was tan.
Which part of the argument is NOT a factual claim?
·a.)
She didn't wear a black shirt today.
·b.)
Marnie always wears either a grey, black, or tan shirt.
·c.)
Therefore, her shirt was tan.
·d.)
She didn't wear a grey shirt today.
Select the statement that is true of deductive arguments.
·a.)
Inferences rely on definition and form.
·b.)
A prediction of an event is an example of a deductive argument.
·c.)
Most reasoning is deductive.
·d.)
The inferential claim is one of less-than-logical certainty.
Select the statement that is true of inductive arguments.
·a.)
Hypothetical arguments are considered to be inductive arguments.
·b.)
Inductive reasoning is rarely used because most reasoning is deductive.
·c.)
Inductive arguments never intend logical certainty, only probability.
·d.)
Inductive arguments are less reasonable than deductive arguments.
Select the statement that is true of inductive arguments.
·a.)
The conclusion is intended to follow with logical certainty.
·b.)
Inductive arguments are more valuable than deductive arguments, because they are more rational.
·c.)
Inferences rely on cause and effect.
·d.)
"If/then" arguments are categorized as inductive arguments.
All teachers are female.
Kate is a teacher.
Therefore, Kate is female.
Evaluate the argument and select the answer option that describes it.
·a.)
deductive, valid, unsound
·b.)
deductive, valid, sound
·c.)
inductive, weak, uncogent
·d.)
inductive, strong, cogent
Humans have used horses for transportation for millions of years.
Therefore, they will use horses for transportation next year.
Evaluate the argument and select the answer option that describes it.
·a.)
inductive, strong, uncogent
·b.)
deductive, valid, sound
·c.)
deductive, invalid, unsound
·d.)
inductive, weak, cogent
My bus has been late every day for the last three weeks.
Therefore, it will be late today.
Assuming the premise to be true, evaluate the argument and select the answer option that describes it.
·a.)
deductive, invalid, unsound
·b.)
inductive, weak, uncogent
·c.)
inductive, strong, cogent
·d.)
deductive, valid, sound
Select the true statement about the "Apology."
·a.)
In the "Apology," Socrates admits that he is guilty of all charges and is sentenced to death.
·b.)
In the "Apology," Socrates successfully argues that a "not guilty" verdict would be just. The jury accepts his argument.
·c.)
In the "Apology," Socrates argues that living a philosophical life is important above all else.
·d.)
In the "Apology," Socrates contends that he could not have committed any crimes because he is wise, and wise men cannot do wrong.
Select the FALSE statement about the "Apology."
·a.)
In the "Apology," Socrates willingly accepts his sentence of death because he believes it is the right thing to do.
·b.)
In the "Apology," Socrates argues that death is never a justifiable sentence for crimes because mortals should not act as gods.
·c.)
In the "Apology," Socrates explains that we must do what we think is right, despite any negative personal consequences.
·d.)
The "Apology" demonstrates that Socrates was willing to live and die according to his philosophy.
Select the true statement about the "Apology."
·a.)
The "Apology" reveals that Socrates was unpopular among the Athenians as a result of his pursuit of wisdom.
·b.)
In the "Apology," Socrates uses rhetoric to persuade Meletus that he is innocent, even though he believes himself to be guilty.
·c.)
The "Apology" documents Socrates' attempts to save his life because he feared death.
·d.)
In the "Apology," Socrates is charged for claiming that he was wise when, in fact, he was not wise.
Consider the following passage:
"It seems as if everyone enjoys arguing about capital punishment, but few research the issue before taking a position. If they did, they would learn that study after study demonstrates that capital punishment does not reduce the rate of violent crime. When planning to commit a capital offense, many offenders don't distinguish between a life sentence and execution after years of incarceration, and few of them believe they will be caught. Furthermore, capital punishment does not save money. Due to legal fees and costs associated with the construction and operation of special prison wings, it costs $2-3 million more (depending on the state involved) to execute someone, than it does to imprison them for life. People disagree about whether capital punishment is murder, or fails to respect the value of human life, but since it doesn't reduce crime, and increases costs, capital punishment is impractical. However, it seems that some people would rather make unfounded assumptions, and disregard the cost of those assumptions to the taxpayers."
Which of the following answer choices best summarizes the main argument of the passage?
·a.)
Capital punishment is an impractical punishment. Therefore, people who support it need to do more research.
·b.)
Capital punishment does not reduce crime. Capital punishment costs more than the alternative. Therefore, capital punishment is an impractical punishment.
·c.)
Capital punishment is an impractical punishment. Therefore, it costs $2-3 million more per state to execute convicts than to imprison them for life.
·d.)
Capital punishment is murder. It violates the sanctity of human life. Therefore, it should be abolished.
Consider the following passage:
“Voting, we are told, is a both a privilege and a duty of good citizens. Therefore we might expect that all citizens in a free society would want to vote, but voter turnout in recent presidential elections has hovered around 60%. However, that doesn't mean that 40% of eligible voters are lazy or apathetic. Some of them may have good reasons for not voiting. For some, not voting may be a form of political expression (e.g., to protest a corrupt political system). It might also be a specific rejection of current presidential candidates. In either case, not voting can be a form of democratic participation that is just as legitimate as voting."
Which of the following best summarizes the main argument of the passage?
·a.)
Not voting can be a form of political protest. Therefore, it is possible to be a good citizen and not vote.
·b.)
Voting can be just as meaningful as not voting. Therefore, only 60% of people vote.
·c.)
There are many reasons why citizens don't vote. Therefore, we should try to understand those reasons.
·d.)
Voting is something that all good citizens should do. Therefore, it is the basis of democracy.
Consider the following passage:
"For decades, dermatologists have warned that it’s important to wear sunscreen when you spend time in the sun, but very few people take proper precautions to protect their skin. Some people believe that wearing sunscreen can increase the risk of developing skin cancer. Let’s consider the facts: each year millions of people in the U.S. are treated for skin cancer. It’s estimated that one in five Americans will develop skin cancer during their lifetime, and thousands die from the disease every year. It has been proven that regular use of sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher reduces the risk of developing the most serious forms of skin cancer by almost half. Regular use of a sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30 provides even greater protection. Claims that sunscreen is harmful lack a scientific basis. However, even if sunscreen is harmful, it is less harmful than skin cancer. Unfortunately, most sunscreen users only apply a fraction of the recommended amount, and many more don't limit their exposure to the sun."
Which of the following answer choices best summarizes the main argument of the passage?
·a.)
Dermatologists are experts on skin care. They say that sunscreen can help prevent skin cancer. Therefore, sunscreen should be free so that everyone can afford to use it.
·b.)
Sunscreen has been proven to prevent skin cancer. More people should use it. Therefore, it cannot be bad for your health.
·c.)
Skin cancer rates are on the rise. The use of sunscreen reduces the likelihood that you will develop skin cancer. Therefore, everyone should use sunscreen when spending time outdoors.
·d.)
Sunscreen slows the aging of skin and will keep it looking younger and healthier. Therefore, everyone should wear an SPF of at least 30.
Select the statement that represents one of the main points made by Socrates in the "Crito."
·a.)
All life, regardless of how it is lived, is valuable and must be protected, no matter the cost.
·b.)
Because Athens has provided benefits to Socrates, he must accept the punishment given to him.
·c.)
If Socrates accepted death, he would have violated the social contract because he would no longer be able to benefit Athens by teaching its youth.
·d.)
It would be immoral for Socrates to escape, but it would not be a violation of the law.
Select the statement that represents one of the main points made by Socrates in the "Crito."
·a.)
Socrates was not legally required to die for his actions. He chose to accept death as a punishment because he felt it was the moral thing to do.
·b.)
Because the state failed to uphold its end of the social contract, Socrates can justify an escape attempt.
·c.)
When considering a complicated subject, it is wiser to follow the advice of experts than to appeal to the majority.
·d.)
Socrates' life is more important than doing what is right, so he should take whatever actions are necessary to survive.
Select the statement that does NOT represent one of the main points made by Socrates in the "Crito."
·a.)
It would be unethical for Socrates to escape the death penalty because doing so would violate his contract with Athens.
·b.)
It is not unjust or immoral for Socrates to die for a crime he did not commit.
·c.)
When considering what is just and fair, the opinion of the majority should be the final decision.
·d.)
Not all life has value. Rather, only the good life has value.
Which statement best describes Socrates' beliefs about death, as they are expressed in the "Phaedo?"
·a.)
After death, the body and soul remain united, so life and death are one and the same.
·b.)
Philosophers should fear death because it is the end of life of the body, and of the soul.
·c.)
Death is nothing more than the separation of the body from the soul.
·d.)
Only when body and soul are united can philosophers see the world as it truly is.
Which statement does NOT represent Socrates' beliefs about death, as they are expressed in the "Phaedo?"
·a.)
Death should not be feared if one has lived a good life, since that is what he or she will be judged upon after death.
·b.)
The loss of the body and senses is the most difficult aspect of death for a philosopher.
·c.)
When the soul is separated from the body, one can better understand the essence of justice because one is no longer impeded by the empirical world.
·d.)
Bodies belong to the gods, not to humans, so the taking of one's own life is unethical.
Which statement best describes Socrates' beliefs about death, as they are expressed in the "Phaedo?"
·a.)
Socrates warns that the philosopher should worry about death because the world of the senses is of the greatest value.
·b.)
Socrates argues that the philosopher will be judged by wise judges after death. Therefore, he or she should not fear death itself.
·c.)
Socrates asserts that suicide is moral if the philosopher has carefully considered the consequences before taking his or her life.
·d.)
Socrates explains that death is most certainly nothingness, and therefore he has nothing to fear.
Challenge 3
Select the option that accurately completes the statement below.
Being a genius is a _____ condition for being a college student.
·a.)
necessary, not sufficient
·b.)
both necessary and sufficient
·c.)
neither necessary nor sufficient
·d.)
sufficient, not necessary
Select the option that accurately completes the statement below.
Having wheels is a _______ condition for being a functioning car.
·a.)
both necessary and sufficient
·b.)
neither necessary nor sufficient
·c.)
necessary, not sufficient
·d.)
sufficient, not necessary
Select the option that accurately completes the statement below. Being a bodybuilder is a _____ condition for being strong.
·a.)
neither necessary nor sufficient
·b.)
necessary, not sufficient
·c.)
both necessary and sufficient
·d.)
sufficient, not necessary
Select the statement that does NOT represent a central epistemological tenet of Plato's doctrine of the Forms.
·a.)
Forms are the abstract universals in which all particulars participate.
·b.)
Knowledge is a justified true belief in which justification is grounded in understanding the world as it really is.
·c.)
The true nature of reality can only be uncovered by understanding the Forms.
·d.)
An essence is a physical entity that is the building block of every object in the universe.
Select the statement that does NOT represent a central epistemological tenet of Plato's doctrine of the Forms.
·a.)
Having an opinion about something assumes that you also have knowledge about that thing.
·b.)
Knowledge of the Forms enables one to understand the true nature of reality.
·c.)
A belief becomes justified when it can be accurately connected to the world.
·d.)
Understanding the essence of a thing is the only way to justify having true knowledge of that thing.
Select the statement that represents a central epistemological tenet of Plato's doctrine of the Forms.
·a.)
If humans cease to exist, so does the Form of knowledge.
·b.)
Forms are entities that exist only in the natural world.
·c.)
Knowledge differs from opinion because knowledge requires one to be able to justify his or her beliefs.
·d.)
In philosophy, Forms play no role in determining what is morally right and wrong.
Select the statement that represents a central metaphysical tenet of Plato's doctrine of the Forms.
·a.)
The Form of Humanity exists independently, regardless of the existence of human beings.
·b.)
A perfect circle exists in the world because the Form of a circle exists in the world.
·c.)
Metaphysically speaking, a horse is more genuine than the Form of a horse.
·d.)
When the Form of a tree changes, the tree that exists in the world will change along with it.
Select the statement that does NOT represent a central metaphysical tenet of Plato's doctrine of the Forms.
·a.)
It is the existence of the essence of Goodness that enables us to know examples of goodness in the world.
·b.)
All Forms exist in Platonic Heaven as ideal examples for their worldly counterparts.
·c.)
The world of the senses is unchanging, but Platonic Heaven is in constant flux.
·d.)
A butterfly is a butterfly because it participates in the Form of a butterfly.
Select the statement that represents a central metaphysical tenet of Plato's doctrine of the Forms.
·a.)
Only a cause-and-effect aspect exists between an object and its Form.
·b.)
Individual objects participate in the Form of those objects.
·c.)
The Form of an object is an imitation of the more genuine worldly object.
·d.)
The essence of an object exists only when a human invents its Form.
Harper is a philosophy major who is debating with her roommates about the nature of humanity.
According to Plato, what makes Harper a human being, and not something else?
·a.)
Harper understands the essence of humanity.
·b.)
Harper participates in the Form of Human.
·c.)
Harper has an informed opinion about what it means to be a human.
·d.)
Harper has the ability to ground her knowledge in reality.
Kara is a political activist who protests against animal cruelty by boycotting products that are tested on animals.
According to Plato, what determines whether Kara's act is just?
·a.)
If the majority of people decide that the act is just, it is just.
·b.)
The essence of justice determines whether or not the act is just.
·c.)
An act can be considered just if it promotes kindness.
·d.)
It is a just act if Kara truly believes that it is a just act.
Charlie owns a small, skinny dog named Spot that bystanders often mistake for a cat.
According to Plato, what causes Charlie's dog Spot to be a dog and not a cat?
·a.)
Spot chooses to embody the essence of a dog.
·b.)
Spot is classified in the same genus and species as other dogs.
·c.)
The Form of Dog is the reason Spot exists as a dog.
·d.)
Spot fits his owner's belief of what a dog should look like.
Which of the following is a way in which Plato has impacted history and society?
·a.)
He was the first philosopher to equate philosophy with rhetoric.
·b.)
He reoriented philosophy away from ethics and epistemology and towards cosmology and natural philosophy.
·c.)
He taught Aristotle and started the Academy, a center of learning in ancient Athens.
·d.)
He proved that mathematics is a human invention that transcends culture.
All of the following are ways in which Plato has impacted history and society EXCEPT _____?
·a.)
He advanced theoretical mathematics by proving that mathematical objects are theoretical objects, rather than real objects.
·b.)
His work encourages us to pursue activities which bring us closer to truth, and to avoid those which focus on appearance.
·c.)
His metaphysical propositions have influenced thinkers in other disciplines, including theology.
·d.)
His Doctrine of the Forms and notion of essences have influenced modern philosophers who are interested in questions of epistemology and metaphysics.
Which of the following is a way in which Plato has impacted history and society?
·a.)
His work drew distinctions between important endeavors, including philosophy, and empty pursuits, including rhetoric.
·b.)
He was the first philosopher to study the biological and physical sciences in the way we study them today.
·c.)
He introduced a method of philosophical investigation that uses dialectic to uncover truth.
·d.)
His doctrine of Permanence had a profound influence on later philosophers.
Select the statement that correctly distinguishes Plato and Aristotle from one another in terms of their philosophical approaches.
·a.)
Plato took a mathematical approach to philosophy. Aristotle was more interested in the sciences, particularly biology and physics.
·b.)
Plato's approach to philosophy was concerned with the physical world. Aristotle was only concerned with the metaphysical world.
·c.)
Plato would assert that those who want to learn about justice should start by studying just acts. Aristotle would argue that they should begin by examining the essence of justice.
·d.)
Aristotle believed that truth was independent of experience. Plato believed that truth was grounded in experience.
Select the statement that correctly distinguishes Plato and Aristotle from one another in terms of their philosophical approaches.
·a.)
Plato is considered an empiricist, while Aristotle is categorized as a rationalist.
·b.)
Aristotle believed that the abstract realm of the Forms was the ideal starting point for philosophical inquiry. Plato argued that worldly experience was the ideal starting point.
·c.)
Aristotle ignored the work of other philosophers. Plato considered alternative viewpoints.
·d.)
Aristotle believed that inquiry begins with the world experienced through the senses. Plato believed that inquiry begins in the metaphysical realm.
Select the statement that best distinguishes Plato and Aristotle from one another in terms of their philosophical approaches.
·a.)
Aristotle would say that if you wanted to learn the essence of a tree, you should study a tree. Plato would say that you should study the Form of a tree.
·b.)
Plato would say that we must have experiences with a tree to have knowledge of a tree. Aristotle would claim that we can have knowledge of a tree without having any experience with trees.
·c.)
Plato would say that we should dissect the bark of a tree to learn its essence. Aristotle would say that we cannot truly know the essence of a tree.
·d.)
Aristotle would say that "A tree is a tree because it reflects the Form of a tree." Plato would say that "a tree is a tree because God made it a tree."
Bridget teaches a dog training class at her local animal shelter. She wants to provide the dog owners with some philosophical inspiration.
According to Aristotle's metaphysics and ontology, what is true about the essence of a dog?
·a.)
Each dog has its own unique essence.
·b.)
The essence of a dog exists in Platonic Heaven.
·c.)
A dog is a non-human object and therefore has no essence.
·d.)
The essence of dog can only exist in actual dogs and nowhere else.
Bob was about to fall asleep in his philosophy class when, suddenly, the instructor held up a spoon and challenged the class to find its essence.
According to Aristotle's metaphysics and ontology, what is true about the essence of a spoon?
·a.)
The essence of a spoon exists, even if no spoons exist.
·b.)
The essence of a spoon, or of any other object, cannot be discovered by mortals.
·c.)
"Spoon” is the particular, and "this spoon" is the universal.
·d.)
It is a kitchen utensil for serving and eating liquids.
Billie is investigating philosophical arguments used in a recent animal rights case involving the treatment of cattle in a feedlot.
According to Aristotle's metaphysics and ontology, what is true about the essence of a cow?
·a.)
The essence of a cow is composed of a genus and a differentia.
·b.)
The essence of a cow exists only in Platonic Heaven.
·c.)
There is no difference between the universal "cow" and the particular "cow" because the essence of each is the same.
·d.)
The essence of a cow exists in the universal concept of cow, but not within each individual cow.
There are many similarities and differences between Platonic and Aristotelian metaphysics.
Select the statement regarding metaphysics with which both Plato and Aristotle would agree.
·a.)
"Without matter, the laws of physics would have nothing to act upon, and thus would cease to exist."
·b.)
"Reasoning and logic are the ways in which we can obtain the truth."
·c.)
"What makes an act "kind" is determined by the way in which society has defined the word "kind."
·d.)
"Humanity exists only when humans exist."
Challenge 4
Which of the following is a way in which Aristotle impacted history and society?
·a.)
He was the first philosopher to discover scientific knowledge that is still considered to be true.
·b.)
He is considered to be the first moral philosopher because he sought to answer questions about what is right and wrong.
·c.)
He created harmony between science and religion by acknowledging the existence of certain unexplainable mysteries.
·d.)
He formalized the study of logic, and established precise rules to determine the validity of an argument.
Which of the following is a way in which Aristotle impacted history and society?
·a.)
He established a standard of inquiry for scientists that excludes non-natural explanations for natural phenomena.
·b.)
We can attribute what we know about the laws of the universe primarily to Aristotle's research in cosmology.
·c.)
He established the Academy in Athens as a center of philosophical and mathematical learning.
·d.)
He was the first philosopher to use logic and argument in the search for truth.
Which of the following is NOT a way in which Aristotle impacted history and society?
·a.)
He was the first to explore the philosophical branch of cosmology, in an effort to identify the laws of the universe.
·b.)
He is credited as being the first person to study science as we study it today — by excluding supernatural and metaphysical abstractions, and focusing on the natural world.
·c.)
He is credited with performing some of the earliest scientific dissections to learn about organisms.
·d.)
He introduced the system of binomial nomenclature to classify organisms, which is still used in biology today.
Select the statement that represents a central tenet of Aristotle's ethics.
·a.)
Biology has no bearing on matters of ethics and character.
·b.)
It is better to be too virtuous than not virtuous enough.
·c.)
A person should develop a virtue to the maximum extent.
·d.)
It is most important to determine what kind of person one should be.
Select the statement that represents a central tenet of Aristotle's ethics.
·a.)
The virtuous man will act honestly only in public.
·b.)
The virtuous man will be honest when it is of benefit to him.
·c.)
The virtuous man will nurture rational honestly.
·d.)
The virtuous man will be honest at all times, no matter the consequences to himself and others.
Select the statement that represents a central tenet of Aristotle's ethics.
·a.)
Human beings are rational creatures, so a good human is one who excels at being rational.
·b.)
What humans are is irrelevant to evaluating how humans should be.
·c.)
It is not possible to truly know what makes a human good.
·d.)
The essence of humanity follows from the functions that human beings typically perform.
Casey is nervous about his upcoming camping trip because he's afraid of spiders.
According to Aristotle's ethical tenets, what should Casey do to deal with his fear of spiders?
·a.)
Casey should learn to remain calm in the presence of spiders.
·b.)
Casey should determine what kind of a thing a spider is.
·c.)
Casey should immediately squash any spiders he sees.
·d.)
Casey should avoid spiders completely.
Harry is surprised to receive a large, end-of-year bonus from his employer.
According to Aristotle's ethical tenets, in which of the following scenarios does Harry behave most virtuously?
·a.)
Harry refuses to accept the bonus because he only cares about his employer's financial well-being, not his own.
·b.)
Harry gives all of his bonus to charity, even though he continues to ask his neighbor for a ride to work because he doesn't have a car.
·c.)
Harry gives part of his bonus to a homeless shelter, but keeps enough to buy his children holiday gifts and pay some of his debts.
·d.)
Harry invests all of his bonus in a pyramid scheme, hoping to make as much money as possible.
Mary has a hot temper. The smallest disagreements send her into a rage.
According to Aristotle's ethical tenets, which of the following actions would help Mary to behave more virtuously?
·a.)
Mary should try to determine whether anger really exists.
·b.)
Mary should avoid situations that might anger her.
·c.)
Mary should practice patience and good humor.
·d.)
Mary should shut off her emotions and stop caring about anything.
Stoicism was a school of philosophy that flourished in ancient Rome.Select the example that represents one of the central tenets of Stoicism.
·a.)
Michael always wants to see his sports team win, and feels frustrated when they do not.
·b.)
When he arrives at work, Gary is still angry at the conductor of his commuter train because it was delayed by one hour.
·c.)
Dan carries out the orders of his commanding officer without allowing his emotions to interfere.
·d.)
Jennifer spends a lot of time thinking about death, and worrying about when it will come.
Stoicism was a school of philosophy that flourished in ancient Rome.Select the example that represents one of the central tenets of Stoicism.
·a.)
Erica gets upset when she realizes that traffic is terrible and it will take her two hours to drive home.
·b.)
Sean's last date went poorly, so he has decided to stop caring about how he relates to others.
·c.)
Ben wants a new smartphone, but worries about how he’ll get the money to buy it.
·d.)
Mary realizes that the weather on her wedding day is out of her control, so she decides not to worry about it.
Stoicism was a school of philosophy that flourished in ancient Rome.Select the example that represents one of the central tenets of Stoicism.
·a.)
Eliza chooses a medical treatment that will prolong her life, alhtough it may leave her unable to live well.
·b.)
Kendra works hard because she wants to own the largest house in her neighborhood and drive a fancy car.
·c.)
Ali wishes that she had been an only child, so that she would have received more attention from her parents.
·d.)
Shara decides that she will no longer get angry when customers fail to tip her.
Anna believes that it is morally wrong to cheat under any circumstances.
All of the following statements describe Anna living philosophically EXCEPT ___________?
·a.)
Anna refuses to give her boss a false excuse for her late arrival at work.
·b.)
Anna turns in a half-written paper that she didn't have time to finish rather than submitting a paper written by her sister as her own work.
·c.)
Anna includes all of her earned income on her tax forms each year.
·d.)
Anna realizes that the cashier charged her the wrong amount, but doesn't say anything since it wasn't her mistake.
Barbara believes that committing violence against another human being is morally and ethically wrong.
All of the following statements describe Barbara living philosophically EXCEPT ___________?
·a.)
"Turning the other cheek is the best way to defeat your enemies."
·b.)
"Declaring war on another country is not the right way to settle disagreements between nations. It only breeds further resentment."
·c.)
”It's acceptable to fight back as long as you're not the one who throws the first punch."
·d.)
"Spanking is never an appropriate punishment for a child, even when he or she disobeys."
Ben believes that people have a moral obligation to support local businesses.
All of the following statements describe Ben living philosophically EXCEPT ___________?
·a.)
Because he drinks a lot of milk, Ben signs up for weekly milk delivery from the dairy farm down the road.
·b.)
When the local bookstore doesn't have a book that he wants in stock, Ben orders it from an online retailer rather than wait for the store to receive a copy.
·c.)
Ben only dines in local restaurants that purchase fruits and vegetables from local growers.
·d.)
Ben uses his social media accounts to advocate for shopping locally.