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In most American jurisdictions, the upper age limit for juvenile delinquency is ________, and the lower limit is usually ________.
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16; 7
16; 12
18; 12
18; 7
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Which of the following terms is defined as a legal defense against criminal responsibility used when a crime has been committed to prevent a more serious crime?
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necessity defense
self-defense
entrapment
being underage
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The purpose of ________ is for a judge to determine whether there is probable cause to believe that the defendant committed the crime or crimes with which he or she is charged.
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a preliminary hearing
an indictment
an arraignment
an initial appearance
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When politically conservative values are dominant in society, the principles and policies of the ________ seem to dominate the operation of criminal justice.
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claim of right doctrine
doctrine of legal guilt
due process model
crime control model
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Which of the following terms is defined as a collection of crime statistics and other law enforcement information published annually under the title Crime in the United States?
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the uniform crime reports (UCR)
the self-report crime surveys
the national crime victimization surveys (NCVS)
the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
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The primary purpose of a(n) ________ is to hear the formal information or indictment and to allow the defendant to enter a plea.
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preliminary hearing
indictment
arraignment
initial appearance
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Which of the following theories assumes that crime is committed by free-willed individuals who are motivated by a hedonistic rationality?
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humanistic psychological theory
Chicago School theory
anomie theory
classical theory
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From whose theory can it be inferred that crime may be a means by which individuals satisfy their basic human needs?
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Sigmund Freud
Alfred Adler
Abraham Maslow
Seymour Halleck
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Which of the following statements is true about the fear of crime?
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Males are more fearful than females.
Nonwhites are more fearful than whites.
Republicans are more fearful than Democrats.
People living in the South are more fearful than people living in the other regions of the United States of America.
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In the United States, the states that do not utilize preliminary hearings schedule an arraignment date at the ________.
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initial appearance
summary trial
stage of booking
stage of arrest
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According to Albert K. Cohen, what is the cause of anomie experienced by juveniles?
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the inability to achieve status among peers by socially acceptable means
the social structure’s inability to provide legitimate institutional means of achieving the goal of wealth
the usual controls over them being largely absent
their dissociation from the collective conscience
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Edwin H. Sutherland’s ________ states that persons who become criminal do so because of contacts with criminal definitions and isolation from noncriminal definitions.
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differential association theory
anomie (or strain) theory
learning theory
social control theory
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Which of the following is a general criticism of positivism?
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Positivistic theories generally account for too much crime, and, at the same time, they have difficulty explaining exceptions.
Positivistic theories generally ignore the criminalization process.
Positivistic theories generally ignore the multitude of fundamental conflicts of value and interest in society.
All the answers are correct.
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Which of the following is a reason why victims fail to report crimes?
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They may consider the crime insignificant and not worth reporting.
They may hope to avoid embarrassing the offender.
They may be intimidated by (or afraid of) the offender.
All of the answers are correct.
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Your textbook states four general ways in which punishment can be administered effectively according to learning theory. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
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Punishment must be combined with the positive reinforcement of alternative, prosocial behaviors.
Punishment must be applied consistently and immediately.
Punishment must include fines or some kind of restitution.
Punishment must be combined with extinction.
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The exclusionary rule originally had three primary purposes. Which of the following is NOT one of those purposes?
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to maintain judicial integrity
to protect individual rights from police misconduct
to prevent police misconduct
to deter the police from violating people’s Fifth Amendment rights
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The due process model is based on the doctrine of
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legal guilt.
factual guilt.
presumptive guilt.
legal innocence.
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________ is a formal means of social control that involves the use of rules that are interpreted, and are enforceable, by the courts of a political community. The function of the rules is to set limits to the conduct of the citizens, to guide the officials (police and other administrators), and to define conditions of deviance or unacceptable behavior.
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Substantive law
Procedural law
Civil law
Criminal law
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Any record of crimes—such as “offenses known to the police,” arrests, convictions, or commitments to prison—can be considered at most ________, or an estimate of crimes committed.
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a crime index
the dark figure of crime
the true amount of crime
a crime rate
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What is the meaning of the word “crime”?
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harmful behavior
accusation or fault
an offense against the state
an offense against an individual
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