a set of universal behaviors or practices should be used by managers

leaders should adjust their behavior depending on circumstances

leaders should paint a picture of a desirable future for followers

management is a sequence of transactions where the actions of subordinates result in either a reward or a punishment

Classical

Contingency

Contemporary

Behaviorist

Marcus runs an accounting firm. He hires a few new employees every summer, right after they graduate from college. He realizes the new employees will need closer supervision than the experienced employees, and adjusts accordingly.

Quentin is a project manager who really admires Abraham Lincoln. He studies Lincoln's leadership style and makes a conscious effort to modify his style to match Lincoln's.

Rhonda was just hired as an executive at a marketing firm. She recognizes her employees don't know her yet, so she uses a more collaborative leadership style early in her tenure.

Kenisha is a manager at a grocery store. When the store is not busy, she allows her employees to figure things out on their own. When the store is busy, however, she is more direct with them.

Anne could keep her game strategies simpler during the early part of the season when the teams are still learning.

Anne could defer to her assistant coach in areas where she has less experience.

Anne could arrange her practice schedule to take advantage of the cooler weather later in the evening.

Anne could provide more specific instruction to the girls on the younger team.

capacity of the followers

institution

capacity of the leader

situation