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MBA, Ph.D in Management
Harvard university
Feb-1997 - Aug-2003
Professor
Strayer University
Jan-2007 - Present
I want you to think again about how the human body is made up of cells, and cells are made up of non-living atoms and molecules. All those processes we use to define life are being carried out by non-living atoms and molecules, too. It's all under the direction of genes, and genes are just molecules, too.
You look the way you look because of your genes. You act the way you act and think the way you think to a great extent because of your genes. You feel the way you feel largely because of your genes. Genes code for the proteins that build the structures of the human body - the skin, the hair, the bones, the muscles, the cardiovascular and nervous systems - the whole thing. It's all genes (molecules) coding for the construction of proteins (molecules) that work together to build tissues, organs, systems, and ultimately, your body.
You inherited your genes from your parents, and they inherited those genes from their parents, and then there were your grandparents, and your great-grandparents, and.... those genes have been around a long time. Some of your genes have existed essentially unchanged for millions of years, faithfully copied in countless generations of many living things. You are an operating system made of new combinations of old genes.
You know that you share genes with your blood relatives, and the more closely related you are, the more genes you share in common with your extended family. By this point in the class, you should also know that you share genes with every person on earth - Australian aborigines, Brazilian rainforest tribesmen, Asians, Africans, Europeans - we all share genes. The fact that we share genes means that we share common ancestors - that's where we got those genes. Apparently those rainforest people have not always been so isolated.
Scientists at the Smithsonian Institution have used DNA testing to show that the genetic difference between any two living humans is about 0.1% - meaning we are all 99% + genetically identical. The same DNA testing shows that we share genes with other animals. Humans are more than 98% genetically identical to gorillas and chimpanzees. We are more closely related to gorillas than horses are to donkeys. Thatâs scary, given what we know about mules.
We use the same DNA testing to resolve paternity cases, and DNA testing is routinely used in criminal courts to incarcerate the guilty and free the innocent. Few people today doubt the reliability of DNA testing in court procedures.
My question for you:
If DNA testing is good enough to send people to prison or prove the paternity of a child, is it good enough to convince you that humans and animals are descended from common ancestors?
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