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Introduction
Telesurgery also known as remote surgery or surgery at a distance, is a specialized area of
Telemedicine. The process allows a surgeon to remotely perform surgical procedures on a
patient located somewhere other than the surgeon’s location. Telesurgery utilizes robotics
element, management information systems technology, and communication technology
combined.
Telesurgery, can also be described as robotic mechanism under direct human supervision rather
than robots that can carry out activities autonomously. It is an alternative to conventional
surgery that is named ‘minimally invasive’ surgery or ‘keyhole’ surgery. According surgical
experts, minimally invasive surgery uses only small access areas known as ‘ports” so that the
physical and emotional disturbances associated with conventional surgery are minimized. The
surgeon’s view is limited to images obtained from endoscopes which is the use of optical fiber
probe, for display on a video monitor. (April, 2017).
Continuous enhancement in Telesurgery technology has witnessed many good results in the
field of healthcare and its operational practices. The technology has been welcomed by
surgeons who are contented to utilize it in different aspects in their fields, taking advantage of
the various surgical equipment and tools brought by the technology. According to research,
there are significant future prospects in the technology’s ability to care for patients while
ensuring proper monitoring and accurate results. (Sept., 2005) This is specifically true today
because of recent advancement such as in Augmented Reality that have forever changed how
we view things and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) a technology aimed for operational
efficiency that we have seen evolving. From the application perspective, Telesurgery empowers
doctors to obtrusively treat patients geographically isolated from themselves. Moment and
boundless remote access to the therapeutic site implies that the doctor is really equipped for
performing operations through robots and other teleoperated gadgets. Background
Currently, the most advanced surgical equipment available for use in Telesurgery operations are
the Zeus robotic systems and the da Vinci Surgical systems. Robotics entered the operating
room in 1985 with the PUMA 200 industrial robots which was adapted for ‘’CT-guided brain
biopsy’’. In 1988, however, another equipment called the PROBOT which is an ultrasoundguided system, was used to perform prostatic resections. The first commercially available
medical robot came in 1992 with a robot named ROBODOC by a company called Integrated
Surgical Systems located in Sacramento, California. This system was designed and approved to
precisely mill the femur for hip replacements. This first generation of surgical robots was notable for performing image-guided precision tasks but was limited by the need for
preoperative planning and basic computer interfaces. (May, 2017).
Personal Computer helped surgery debuted in the mid-1990s; it was the following stride toward
the objective of remote surgery. The ZEUS Surgical System, created in 1995 by Computer
Motion, Inc., was affirmed by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) in 2002 for use when all is
said in done and laparoscopic surgeries with the patient and specialist in the same room. ZEUS
contains three table-mounted automated arms - one holding the AESOP endoscope positioner,
which gives a perspective of the inside working field, the others holding surgical instruments.
The mechanical arms are controlled by the specialist, who sits at a console a few meters away.
Perception of the working field is controlled by voice enactment, while the mechanical arms are
controlled by developments of the specialist's hands and wrists.
Today, the continuous emergence in technological innovation has made many new changes and
are further advancing accessible surgical treatments through other possible surgery advances.
Technological innovation like Telesurgery has helped reduce the limitation of laparoscopic and
thoracoscopic procedures. Telesurgery, is therefore a revolutionizing implication to minimally
inversive surgery. Potential Benefits
Telesurgery, treatments are quite better at performing simple and safer surgery procedures
comparing to traditional surgery practices.
For instance, on September 7, 2001, Operation Lindbergh became the first completed remote
surgery on a human patient performed over 4000 miles away. Though the allocated cost were
over a million dollar, the entire operation lasted 45 minutes. It was said that the entire number
of people involved in the operation was 40 people presented in categories composed of a
Medical team, Telecom engineers, and Robotic system specialists. The patient was in an
operating room in Strasbourg, France while the surgeon, Professor Jacques Marescaux and his
team were in New York city. The point here is, though the cost appears to be very expensive, a
person’s life was saved with the first technology of its kind and technologies are always expense
when initially entering markets.
In Canada, the first hospital-to-hospital telerobotic-assisted surgery took place on February 28,
2003. Here the main surgeon, Dr. Mehran Anvari was in a hospital in Hamilton, Canada assisted
surgeons in another hospital North Bay, Canada. The distance was 400 kilometers or about a
few 100 miles away. This procedure also went successful, saving time, cost, and most
importantly, a life that was at stake.
In the light of the above, we can see how the technology can bring about positive change in the
health care delivery system. It can create a way for our nation’s wounded soldiers to no longer
feel the need to be transported thousands of miles away for treatment when Telesurgery can
deliver. The US Army for instance, has dependably been occupied with Telesurgery for the combat zone, and at present the Telemedicine and Propelled Technology Research Center
(TATRC) is bolstering the exploration to test and expand the range of remote human services
(Mar., 2011). Additionally, the technology can be a huge benefit to other countries that do not
have them because we will be able to utilize our own experts and equipment to save anyone’s
life that needs the service around the world.
Telesurgery can also be time-saving and can help reduce the cost associated with conventional
surgery. Telesurgery offers the means by which doctors’ skills are not forever tied to their
physical presence in the operating room. This helps improve quality by reducing the number of
surgeons and medical assistants to be present during operations. Key challenges
Some key challenges in this technology includes latency which is time delay between a
surgeon’s command and the movement of an assisting robot. Other numerous challenges
include:
o Cost-effectiveness is how to make the service more affordable and not just limited to the
wealthy.
o Access to bandwidth is how to improve networks or fiber optics associated with the
connection of the surgical system without the need to worry about latency and
communication failure as mentioned above.
o Regulations and adoptions is all about the legal issues involved. suing doctors for a little
mistake can be a terrible thing which would scare away other professionals in the field
for example.
o Tactile feedback means “use of advanced vibration patterns and waveforms to convey
information to a user or operator.”
o Data security is also one of the most important aspect of the challenges facing
Telesurgery. imagine an operation being interrupted illegally. that's one example of
disastrous issue to prevent
o large volume of data management may not be a critical challenge today due to the
existing advanced data backup and storage technologies available for use. This means
that skilled data scientists can now be part of a huge responsibility in the Telesurgery
market.
Potential business Value
Begin here…..
Conclusion
There are continuous range of new remote technologies enhancement through few different
practices such as; virtual reality, haptics, and telementoring, which are helping to create new medium for acquisition and assessment of surgical skills by considering the simulation of all
types of operations that can be done via the robot. (April, 2003).
Furthermore, training programs and learning curves will help surgeons and students to better
understand the current and future aspects of remote surgery and consider it for operations.
However, costing is quite challenging event in which researchers are still working and trying to
find out the efficient manner to cover-up the number of patients to get successful results for
their operations. Telesurgery offers certain preferences for the specialist, but the acceptance of
equivalent or better patient results for laparoscopy and laparotomy surgeries is yet inadequate.
Results from such trials are critically expected to reach any firm determinations about the
viability of remote surgery. As to the inquiry whether Telesurgery is a progression or only a
specialized trick, the preferences and hindrances must be weighed against one another in the
light of the individual mastery and aptitude of the specialist and the real circumstance of patient
consideration in organizations. For surgeons who are not happy with cutting edge laparoscopic
methods, remote surgery could be a progression in day by day patient consideration as these
specialists may give negligibly intrusive surgery to their patients. For experienced laparoscopic
surgeons, remote surgery may offer a further increment in accuracy. And where applicable, a
reduction in physical workload. As the expenses of remote surgical frameworks are still high, it
is far-fetched that it will be soon comprehensively embraced.
Because of Telesurgery applications, there exists a considerable measure of exploration studies
on the incorporation of machine vision, and a few studies have been made. In any case, these
studies are still inadequate to depict all the conceivable advances that both territories could
produce on the view of the administrator (specialist) from the environment and the subject
submitted to the strategy Reflection starts here…. References:
What is Telesurgery http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-telesurgery.htm#didyouknowout
http://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/divisions-diagnostics-andprocedures/medicine/telesurgery
Telesurgery: an ethical appraisal
http://search.proquest.com/docview/1781073638/BBF2833782664E80PQ/6?accountid=108
The use of the da Vinci surgical robotic system for telesurgery and telementoring
http://search.proquest.com/docview/1022645148/BBF2833782664E80PQ/2?accountid=108
New Trends of Telesurgery Market with Worldwide Industry Analysis to 2025
https://www.medgadget.com/2017/02/new-trends-of-telesurgery-market-with-worldwideindustry-analysis-to-2025.html
Heidegzer, Mar. 2011: Surgery in Space: the future of robotic surgery
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00464-010-1243-3
Morris: Robotic Surgery: Applications, Limitations, and Impact on Surgical Education
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1681689/ Ortiz and Clancy: Use of Information Technology to Improve the Quality of Health Care in the
United States
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1360897/
Global Telemedicine Market 2012-2016
file:///C:/Users/GIBRIL/Downloads/Global%20Telemedicine%20Market%202012-2016.pdf