Department of Biological Sciences AJ Petto’s Top 20 Muscles for BIOSCI 202
Name
1. Temporalis Topography
Cranium; temporal bone
above cheek Proximal Attachment
Temporal fossa Distal Attachment Action Anterior portion of
mandibular ramus and
coronoid process Elevates mandible; also
involved in retraction and
lateral excursion 2. Sternocleidomastoid Muscular ridge in the
anterolateral neck Mastoid process and
superior nuchal line Manubrium and medial
portion of the clavicle Rotates and flexes atlantooccipital joint; head; flexes
neck; unilaterally flexes
neck ipsilaterally while
rotating contralaterally. 3. Rectus abdominis Medial ventral surface
from ribs to pubis Xiphoid process and
inferior ribs (5–7) Pubic crest and
symphysis Flexes lumbar spine;
compresses abdomen;
unilaterally flexes trunk
ipsilaterally Iliacus: inner surface of
ilium 4. Iliopsoas No external appearance Psoas major & Psoas
minor: on intervertebral
cartilages, along bodies
and on lower borders of
transverse processes of
L1–5; body of T12, on
sacrum lateral and
inferior to L5–S1
articulation Iliacus & psoas major:
lesser trochanter of
femur and shaft
immediately inferior
Psoas minor: Pectineal
line and iliopectineal
eminence of ilium Flexion of the hip; Flexion
and external rotation of
the femur Department of Biological Sciences
AJ Petto’s Top 20 Muscles for BIOSCI 202
Page 2 Name 5. Pectoralis major 6. Latissimus dorsi Topography
Upper half of the chest
and anterior margin of
axilla Lower half of back,
posterior margin of axilla Proximal Attachment
Medial half of anterior
surface of clavicle,
anterior surface of costal
cartilages of ribs 1–6 and
adjacent sternum Posterior crest of ilium,
spinous processes of T7–
S3, ribs 10–12 Distal Attachment Action Greater tubercle of the
humerus and
intertubercular crest
(lateral aspect of
intertubercular groove) Adducts in frontal plane,
flexes in sagittal plane,
horizontally adducts in
transverse plane, and
internally rotates arm Medial side of
intertubercular groove of
humerus Adducts in frontal plane,
extends in sagittal plane,
horizontally abducts in
transverse plane, and
internally (medially)
rotates arm Deltoid tuberosity of
humerus (lateral) (1)Adducts arm, assists in
flexion, horizontal
adduction, and internal
rotation of glenohumeral
joint (GHJ); (2) abduction
of GHJ; (3) abduction,
extension, horizontal
abduction,and lateral
rotation of GHJ 7. Deltoid Rounded upper surface of
“shoulder” 3 portions: anterior
lateral 1/3 of clavicle,
lateral aspect of acromion
process, and inferior edge
scapular spine 8. Biceps brachii Anterior surface of upper
arm Long head: superior
margin of glenoid fossa;
Short head: coracoid
process of scapula Radial (bicipital)
tuberosity of radius and
bicipital aponeurosis Flexes elbow, weakly
flexes glenohumeral joint;
supinates hand 9. Triceps brachii Posterior surface of
upper arm Infraglenoid tubercle of
scapula (1), lateral (2)
and posterior (3)
surfaces of the humerus Olecranon process of ulna Extends elbow (1–3);
adducts and extends
glenohumeral joint (1) Department of Biological Sciences
AJ Petto’s Top 20 Muscles for BIOSCI 202
Page 3 Name 10. Extensor digitorum 11. Flexor digitorum
superficialis 12. Gluteus maximus 13. Rectus femoris 14. Biceps femoris 15. Gastrocnemius Topography Proximal Attachment Distal Attachment Action Lateral surface of dorsum
of forearm Lateral epicondyle of
humerus 4 tendons to the dorsal
surfaces of the base of
middle and distal
phalanges of fingers 2–5 Extends digits 2–5 at
metacarpophalangeal
(MCP) joints and wrist;
weak extension of elbow Anterior surface of the
wrist on the ulnar side Medial epicondyle of
humerus; medial
coronoid process of ulna;
upper 2/3 of anterior
border of radius 4 tendons that divide and
attach to the sides of
medial phalanges of
fingers 2–5 Flexes digits at MCP and
PIP joints, flexes wrist;
weak flexion of elbow Wide area on posterior
surface of pelvis Posterior 1/4 of iliac
crest; posterior surface of
sacrum and coccyx near
ilium; and lumbar fascia Oblique ridge on lateral
surface of greater
trochanter and illiotibial
band of fasci latae Stabilizes trunk in hip
extension; extension and
external rotation of hip;
lower fibers assist in hip
adduction Anterior surface of thigh Anterior surface of
inferior iliac spine and
superior & posterior
margin of acetabulum Superior aspect of patella
and patellar tendon to the
tibial tuberosity Extension of the knee and
flexion of the hip Lateral posterior surface
of thigh, near knee Long head: ischial
tuberosity; Short head:
lower half of linea aspera
and lateral condylar ridge
of femur Lateral condyle of tibia
and head of fibula Flexion of knee, extension
of hip, external rotation of
hip and knee Posterior aspect of lower
leg (“calf” muscle) Medial head: posterior
surface of the medial
femoral condyle;
Lateral head: posterior
surface of the lateral
femoral condyle Posterior surface of
calcaneus via calcaneal
(Achilles’) tendon Plantar flexion of ankle;
weak flexion of the knee Department of Biological Sciences
AJ Petto’s Top 20 Muscles for BIOSCI 202
Page 4 Name
16. Tibialis anterior Topography
Anterior lateral side of
tibia Proximal Attachment
Upper 2/3 of the lateral
surface of tibia Distal Attachment Action Inner surface of the
medial cuneiform and the
first metatarsal bone Dorsiflexion of the ankle
and inversion of the foot. Superiorly on the greater
tubercle of the humerus Stabilizes glenohumeral
joint (GHJ), weak
abduction of GJH Posteriorly on the greater
tubercle of the humerus Stabilizes GHJ joint,
external rotation,
horizontal abduction, and
extension of the GHJ Rotator Cuff Muscles
17. Supraspinatus 18. Infraspinatus 19. Teres minor 20. Subscapularis No external appearance Medial 2/3 of the
supraspinous fossa of the
scapula No external appearance Medial aspect of
infraspinous fossa of the
scapula No external appearance Posteriorly on the upper
and middle aspects of the
lateral border of the
scapula Posteriorly on the greater
tubercle of the humerus Stabilizes GHJ, External
rotation, horizontal
abduction, and extension
of GHJ No external appearance Entire anterior surface of
subscapular fossa Lesser tubercle of
humerus Stabilizes GHJ; internal
rotation, adduction, and
extension of the GHJ To analyze a muscle's actions properly, you must take into account its origin, insertion, direction of pull, orientation of fascicles, shape of the joint, and other
mechanical variables that have an effect. Here is an example of the sort of analysis that you should be able to perform when you are asked how a particular
muscle produces its observed actions.
Pronator teres: The pronator teres is difficult to see on the surface, but it can be found on the medial side of the “hollow” in front of the elbow (antecubital
fossa). It attaches proximally at the medial epicondyle of the humerus and attaches distally on the pronator tuberosity of the radius. When the pronator teres
contracts, it applies tension to the pronator tuberosity of the radius; it acts on the radioulnar and humeroradial pivot joints, as well as the humeroulnar hinge
joint, which allow both rotation in the transverse plane and flexion ‒extension in the sagittal plane. Since the muscle is oriented diagonally in front of the joints
in a superomedial to inferolateral position, its action can generate lateromedial rotation of the radius and/or flexion of the elbow.

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