I need a 250 words or higher for a discussion on the following:

Provide a specific explanation for:

• The Internet of Things (IoT)
• The Internet of Everything (IoE)
• The Industrial Internet (II).

 

Session 7 – SDN and Fog Computing Overview
Summary
The seventh sessions of the ITEC 626 class cover some essential emerging technologies
Software Defined Network (SDN) and Fog Computing. We will also evaluate Internet of Things
(IoT). The related security issues will be discussed in the later session.
Objectives
By the end of this module students will be able to: Describe Software Defined Network (SDN).
Access Fog Computing technologies on the network edge nodes and how Fog Computing
interplay with Cloud Computing.
Evaluate Internet of Things (IoT) and Everything on Internet (EoI). Content
1. Software Defined Network (SDN) Software Defined Networking (SDN) - is an approach to computer networking that allows
network administrators to manage network services through abstraction of lower level
functionality. SDN has been used for Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) by many cloud
service providers, such as AWS and GCE.
SDN separates control plane from data plane. SDN should be
• Directly programmable: Network control is directly programmable because it is
decoupled from forwarding functions. • Agile: Abstracting control from forwarding lets administrators dynamically adjust
network-wide traffic flow to meet changing needs. • Centrally managed: Network intelligence is (logically) centralized in software-based
SDN controllers that maintain a global view of the network, which appears to
applications and policy engines as a single, logical switch. • Programmatically configured: SDN lets network managers configure, manage, secure,
and optimize network resources very quickly via dynamic, automated SDN programs,
which they can write themselves because the programs do not depend on proprietary
software. • Open standards-based and vendor-neutral: When implemented through open standards,
SDN simplifies network design and operation because instructions are provided by SDN
controllers instead of multiple, vendor-specific devices and protocols. The slides show two SDN architectures. One SDN architecture is defined by OF-APP. And
the other SDN architecture is by Open Network Foundation (ONF). The ONF SDN
architecture was further illustrated by several capabilities: Separate of Data from Control Simplicity Programmability Lower capex Lower opex SDN is not just conceptual. It is a market with real products. OpenFlow is a communications
protocol that gives access to the forwarding plane of a network switch or router over the
network. Open Flow is defined by Open Networking Foundation (ONF), a user­led organization dedicated to promotion and adoption of SDN. A number of network switch and router vendors
have announced intent to support or are shipping supported switches for OpenFlow,
including Alcatel-Lucent,[7] Big Switch Networks,[8] Brocade Communications,[9] Arista
Networks, Pica8, NoviFlow, Cisco, Dell Force10, Extreme Networks, IBM, Juniper
Networks, Digisol, Larch Networks, Hewlett-Packard, and NEC, 2. Fog Computing
Fog Computing aims to take services, workloads, applications and large amounts of data and
deliver it all to the edge of the network. The goal is to provide core data, compute, storage, and
application services on a truly distributed level. Fog computing is to distribute data to move it
closer to the end-user to eliminate latency and numerous hops, and support mobile computing
and data streaming. Fog Computing creates dense geographical distribution and extends direct
cloud services to the users. Big Data distribution and analytics can be done faster with better
results in real-time and mobile environments. It increases users’ productivities. Cisco embraces Fog Computing as a new paradigm to support wireless data transfer to support
distributed devices in the “Internet of Things.” Netflix uses Fog Computing to deliver large
amounts of streamed services by placing the data at the edge; close to the end-user.
Factors to be considered when implementing Fog Computing are:
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• Locations of the edges
Very large amount of nodes
Big data
Real-time interactions
Traffic engineering & network latencies
Wireless and wired-line access – wireless is for mobility
Heterogeneous devices
Online analytic and interplay with the cloud
Cloud networks
Service offerings
Network management --Large-scale sensor networks to monitor the environment and
smart grid
Security
Policies Cloud computing provides centralized services in the cloud to the end users. Fog Computing
pushes the distributed services to the edge networks. Both centralized and distributed services
have being existed for a long time. So what’s new here? Users usually are not aware of the network infrastructure and how the services are delivered. They just want services. So, Cloud or
Fog Computing made no difference to the end users in most cases. The network infrastructure
should be transparent to the end users, who care the types of services they will receive, but not
how the network infrastructure was built.
To the IT staff, Cloud Computing and Fog Computing are very different from the traditional IT
network infrastructure, responsibility, and revenue model. The difference is who to provide the
services and how the services are delivered. That’s where Cloud or Fog Computing makes
differences. When services are outsourcing to the cloud service provider, then the Service Level
of Agreement (SLA) should be used to define the responsibility and boundaries of the service
between the carriers and clients. 3. Internet of Things (IoT)
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects accessed through the Internet, as
defined by technology analysts and visionaries. These objects contain embedded technology to
interact with internal states or the external environment. In other words, when objects can sense
and communicate, it changes how and where decisions are made, and who makes them.
The IoT is connecting new places–such as manufacturing floors, energy grids, healthcare
facilities, and transportation systems–to the Internet. When an object can represent itself
digitally, it can be controlled from anywhere. This connectivity means more data, gathered from
more places, with more ways to increase efficiency and improve safety and security.