Theories on Aging
Assistant Professor Cindy Gross
Professor Margaret Huang- Saddleback College Definition of Aging based on 4 basic processes Chronological Aging Aging based on calendar time, of a persons years from birth Biological Aging Physical changes that reduce the efficiency of orgn systems It is assessed by measuring the functioning of various organ systems Psychological Aging Changes that occur in sensory and perceptual processes Mental function in: intelligence, memory, learning Sociocultural Aging The specific set of roles individuals adopt in relation to other members of the
society and culture to which they belong Erikson’s 8 stages of Psychosocial theory
Stage Fullfilled Unfulfilled 1. Infancy Trust Mistrust 2. Toddler Autonomy Shame 3. Early Childhood Initiative Guilt 4. Middle Childhood Industry Inferiority 5. Adolescence Identity Identity Diffusion 6. Adulthood Intimacy Isolation 7. Middle Age Generativity Self-Absorption 8. Old Age Integrity Despair Sociological Theories Activity Continuity Disengagement Gerotranscendence Role Social Age Socioeconomic Status Work Content Ethnicity Cohort Generation Biological Theories Human aging is the synthesis of biological, psychological, and social factors The field of research is in early stage as reflected by dozens of theories GENETIC THEORY Animals and humans are born with a genetic program or biological clock that
predetermines life span Various studies show a positive relationship between parental age and filial life
span CELLULAR AGING THEORY Aging occurs as cells slow their number of replications Hayflick (1961) reported that cells grown in culture undergo a finite number of
replication, approaching 50 doublings, older cells replicate fewer times Biological Theories AUTOIMMUNE THEORY Aging is a function of the body’s immune system becoming defective over time Attacking not just foreign proteins, bacteria, and viruses, but also producing
antibodies against itself CROSS-LINKAGE THEORY Collagen is an important connective tissue found in most organ systems With aging, accumulation of cross-linking occurs which slows the cell function
and aging occurs Observable changes Skin wrinkling Loss of elasticity in blood vessels, muscle tissue, lens of the eye Biological Theories FREE RADICAL THEORY Highly reactive molecules that are produced in the cell, as result of
normal oxygen metabolism, as well as radiation, ozone, pollutants, or
drugs They accumulate in the body and may cause DNA mutations, crosslinking Damage to cell tissue has been implicated in Normal aging, heart disease, cancers, cataracts, arthritis, Alzheimer’s
disease, Parkinson’s disease It has been proposed that antioxidants can inhibit free radical damage Selenium, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Betacarotene, Copper, Magnesium, Zinc,
Lycopene Biological Theories SOMATIC MUTATION (ERROR THEORY) DNA, RNA, and proteins are constantly subjected
to damage from both the external (e.g.,
radiation) and internal (e.g., free radicals)
environment Mutation of DNA Perpetuation of mutation during cell division Increasing number of mutant cells in the body Malfunction of tissues, organs Decline in body function Facts of Physiological Aging The aging process (senescence) is a gradual decline, after physical
maturity (age 25-30) 1% rule: Most organ systems deteriorate about 1%/year beginning
around age 30 Individual differences: people age at different rates Different tissue and systems within the same person age at different
rates It is important to differentiate primary from secondary aging Older people are less alike because of Unique heredity – Gene Life styles Life experiences Aging Consists of 3 Processes Primary Aging Refers to normal and disease-free development during adulthood Changes in biological, psychological, sociological processes Example: Menopause, loss of family Secondary Aging Refers to developmental changes that are related to Diseases: heart, cancer Lifestyles: alcohol, smoking, sedentary living Environment: pollution, radiation Tertiary Aging Refers to the rapid loss that occur shortly before death Example: Terminal Drop-intellectual abilities show a marked decline in the last few
years before death

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