please ans all the attachment questions

 

 

Exercise 1: Reading a Periodic Table of Elements

 

Use information from the Periodic Chart at Chemtutor.com, lecture notes, and the Periodic Table of Elements to answer the following questions.

 

 

Questions:

 

1.   Using the periodic chart identify the elements for the following atomic symbols: C, H, O, N, P, and S.

     

 

2.   Using information from your textbook or lecture notes, what percentage of the human body is composed of these six elements?

     

 

3.   Fill in the blank spaces below using information from the periodic chart. P=protons; N=neutrons; E=electrons

 

ELEMENT (symbol)

 Nitrogen

      

 Chlorine

     

MASS NUMBER

     

16

35

     

ATOMIC NUMBER

     

8

     

     

# P

7

     

     

       

# N

     

     

     

12

# E

     

     

     

11

 

 

 

Exercise 2: Making a Natural pH Indicator

 

In this exercise you will make a pH indicator from cabbage juice. Indicators will change color when they come into contact with acids and bases. In this case, the purple juice turns red in the presence of acids and blue in the presence of bases. After making the pH indicator you will test ammonia, clear soda like Sprite or 7-up, and vinegar.

 

Protocol:

 

1.   Go to Making a Natural pH Indicator.

 

2.   Follow the instructions for making the red cabbage indicator.

 

3.   When you have made the cabbage solution, use it to test ammonia, a clear soda like Sprite or 7-up, and vinegar. These are the ONLY items you are to test; ignore the other items listed in the Making a Natural pH Indicator instructions. Refer to the table on the website to interpret your results.

 

5.   Take a picture that shows all of the items you tested after the cabbage solution has been added. Each of the three items should be clearly labeled. You will submit this photo with your lab.

 

6.   Answer the following questions.

 

 

Questions:

 

1.   On a pH scale, what pH range is considered acidic?

     

 

2.   On a pH scale, what pH range is considered basic or alkaline?

     

 

3.   Go to the pH scale website.  List the pH of ammonia, vinegar, cola, Tums, and rainwater.

     

 

4.   Does the pH of rainwater surprise you? Why do you think rainwater is not neutral?

     

 

5.   Copy and paste the photograph you took of your clearly labeled results of the red cabbage indicator experiment here. Alternatively, you may submit the photo as a separate document when you upload the lab to the dropbox.

 

6.   Based on your results from the red cabbage indicator experiment, what color was ammonia? What does that tell you? 

     

 

7.   What color was vinegar? What does that tell you?

     

 

8.   What color change did you see with the clear, non-cola soda? What does that tell you?

     

 

9.   Do these results reflect the same information you listed in question 3 above?

     

 

Exercise 3: Organic Molecule Indicators

 

We can detect organic molecules, i.e., carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins, in the food that we eat if we have the appropriate indicators. Just like indicators can change color in the presence of acids and bases, specific indicators will change color in the presence of their particular organic target group.

 

Carbohydrates can exist in either simple or complex forms. These include the simple sugars, such as glucose, and complex sugars, such as starch. There are specific indicators for the simple and complex carbohydrates. 

 

Protocol:

 

1.   Go to Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and read the background information related to proteins, reducing sugars and lipids.

 

2.   Answer the following questions.

 

 

Questions:

 

1.   Which indicator is used for proteins? What color does it turn to in the presence of proteins?

     

 

2.   Which indicator is used to detect simple sugars (i.e. reducing sugars), such as glucose? Describe the color change.

     

 

3.   Which test using a common household item can be used for lipids? Describe the result when the indicator solution is in contact with a lipid.

     

 

Exercise 4: Testing for Starch and Lipids at Home

 

Materials:

 

·        Plate or waxed paper

·        Unglazed paper (newspaper)

·        Tincture of iodine (Check your first aid kit or the local pharmacy for tincture of iodine.)

·        Cornstarch

·        At least four different kinds of food such as: Cut potatoes, cut apples, orange segments, bread, cheese, uncooked rice, bacon, butter, margarine, potato chips

 

Protocol For Testing for Starch:

 

1.   Make the positive and negative controls:

a.   The negative control is 10 drops of iodine in half a cup of water. This should be a light yellow color.

b.   The positive control is 1 tsp cornstarch in half a cup of water. To this solution add 10 drops of iodine. This should be a purplish-black color.

 

2.   Test at least four of the foods listed above by placing them on the waxed paper or a ceramic or glass plate. Do not use a paper plate.

 

3.   Place a drop of the tincture of iodine onto each food.

 

4.   The foods containing starch will turn purple where the iodine touches them.

 

5.   View starch to determine if your results are similar to theirs.

 

6.   Take a picture that shows all of the items you tested after the iodine solution has been added. Each of the items should be clearly labeled. You will submit this photo with your lab.

 

7.   Answer the following questions.

 

 

Questions:

 

1.   Copy and paste the photograph you took of your clearly labeled results of the starch test experiment here. Alternatively, you may submit the photo as a separate document when you upload the lab to the dropbox.

 

2.   Which foods were positive for starch?

     

 

3.   Which foods were negative for starch?

     

 

Protocol For Testing for Lipids:

 

1.   Rub bacon, butter, or margarine on the unglazed paper and then hold the paper up to the light. The presence of a translucent spot indicates lipids are present.

 

2.   Test potato chips and at least two other foods from the list above for lipids.

 

3.   Take a picture that shows the paper after you tested for lipids. Clearly label each area of the paper to note what was tested where. You will submit this photo with your lab.

 

4.   Answer the following questions.

 

 

Questions:

 

1.   Copy and paste the photograph you took of your clearly labeled results of the lipid test experiment here. Alternatively, you may submit the photo as a separate document when you upload the lab to the dropbox.

 

2.   Which foods were positive for lipids?

     

 

3.   Which foods were negative for lipids?

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