PSYC511 Unit 2 Exam: Theories of Learning

                                               Due: End of Week 8 on Sunday by 11:55pm

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For this Unit 2 Exam you must answer two of the three questions for each theorist and the theory (Gestalt) below.  There will be no extra credit awarded if you answer more than two questions per chapter, so only answer two questions.  All of these questions are considered to be short-answer essay questions to be answers in a minimum of half to a full page.  Correctly APA formatted citations of sources used are required.  Place your answers below each selected question. 

Edward Lee Thorndike

Thorndike Q1: Summarize the nature of animal research prior to Thorndike’s efforts.  In what way was Thorndike’s research different from that which preceded it?  Include in or your answer a discussion of Morgan’s canon.

Thorndike Q2: Assuming Thorndike’s revised law of effect to be valid, do you feel classroom practice in the United States is in accordance with it?  Child-rearing practices?  Explain.

Thorndike Q3: Discuss Thorndike’s principles of belongingness and polarity.

Burrhus Frederic Skinner

Skinner Q1: Outline the procedure you would use while following Skinner’s theory to increase the probability that a child would become a creative adult.

Skinner Q2: Are there some forms of adult human behavior for which you feel Skinner’s theory is not applicable?  Explain.

Skinner Q3: Propose an explanation for the partial reinforcement effect.

Clark Leonard Hull

Hull Q1: According to Hull’s theory, what effect would increasing the size of the reinforcer have on learning?  Explain.

Hull Q2: What is a habit family hierarchy?

Hull Q3: Explain chaining from Hull’s point-of-view.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

Petrovich Q1: Briefly describe the following: acquisition of a conditioned response, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination, and higher-order conditioning.

Petrovich Q2: Describe how conditioned emotional responses (CERs) are used in index the strength of CS-US associations.

Petrovich Q3: What is the Garcia effect?

Edwin Ray Guthrie

Guthrie Q1: What law of association did Guthrie build his theory around?  Describe this law and explain how the recency principle is deduced from it.

Guthrie Q2: How did Guthrie explain forgetting?

Guthrie Q3: How would Guthrie explain the development of a drug addiction?

William Kaye Estes

Estes Q1: Describe Estes’s scanning model of decision making.

Estes Q2: List some advantages and disadvantages of statistical learning theory.

Estes Q3: Regarding the learning process, briefly describe the incremental (continuity) position, the all-or-none (noncontinuity) position, and the compromise position that would accent both continuity and noncontinuity at different times or for different reasons.

Gestalt Theory

Gestalt Q1: Discuss the term isomorphism as it was used in Gestalt theory.

Gestalt Q2: Distinguish between geographical and behavioral environments.  Which of the two did the Gestalt theories believe was the more important determinant of behavior?  Explain why you do or do not agree with the Gestalt theorist on this matter.

Gestalt Q3: What is meant by the statement “For the Gestalt psychologist, leaning is basically a perceptual phenomenon?”

Jean Piaget

Piaget Q1: Explain why Piaget’s view of intelligence is called genetic epistemology.

Piaget Q2: Give and explain an example of an experience that involves both assimilation and accommodation.

Piaget Q3: Describe the educational implications of Piaget’s theory.

Edward Chace Tolman

Tolman Q1: Why can Tolman’s theory be considered a combination of Gestalt psychology and behaviorism?

Tolman Q2: For Tolman, is reinforcement a learning or a performance variable?  Explain.

Tolman Q3: Describe, according to Tolman, what events take place as an animal is learning to solve a maze.  Incorporate as many of Tolman’s theoretical terms into your answer as possible.

Albert Bandura

Bandura Q1: Define the terms vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment, and explain their importance to Bandura’s theory.

Bandura Q2: List and explain several mechanisms that allow a person to act immorally without experiencing self-contempt.

Bandura Q3: Describe how modeling is used to reduce or eliminate a phobia.  Which procedure did Bandura find most effective in treating phobias?

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