Reply to each one of the 6 forum posts in a min of 150 words for each one. The first 3 are based on a different subject from the last three. Treat each one independently and used different references

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1- There is no denying that transportation has an impact on the environment, from building new roads and bridges over environmentally sensitive land to vehicle emissions. Government leaders, engineers, and the transportation sector as whole must be linked in to the most important impacts of transportation on the environment: climate change, air quality, noise, water quality, soil quality, biodiversity, and land take (Comotois, Rodrigue, & Slack, 2013). The goal is to provide for sustainable transportation that is least damaging to the environment while still encouraging economic growth and development (Comotois, Rodrigue, & Slack, 2013). In order to do so, transportation professionals need to be able to identify environmental impacts of transportation.  

Direct impacts of transportation on the environment can be described as an immediate consequence of transportation activities on the environment (Comotois, Rodrigue, & Slack, 2013). Construction of new transportation facilities, removal of vegetation during right-of-way maintenance, animal vs. vehicle collisions, and release of transportation-related chemicals are all examples of direct impacts to the environment (Labi & Sinha, 2007). Indirect impacts are secondary effects of transportation activities on the environment (Comotois, Rodrigue, & Slack, 2013). Indirect impacts are typically unintended and are due to transportation activities (Labi & Sinha, 2007). Indirect impacts result in a disruption of species population, reduction of natural vegetation, reduced water quality, and reduced air quality.  

We, as drivers of automobiles, don't pay the financial cost for the damage caused by the oils, gas, and other chemicals washed into the waterways after a heavy rain storm. However, we may realize the secondary cost when beaches are closed or a fishing season is cut short due to low fish populations. The economic value of this environmental impact goes unnoticed unless a waterbody is determined to be impaired and local and state governments required to enact costly clean up measures. Especially here in Florida, water quality is of the utmost importance. Water and beaches attract tourism.             

Environmental mitigation required during transportation projects are usually absorbed into the cost of a project and budgeted during a long capital improvement budget process. The public sees the overall cost of a new or expanded interstate but doesn't necessarily realize the percentage spent to mitigate environmental issues. As projects can sometimes take well over ten years to break ground, environmental policies can change resulting in renewal or resubmittal of environmental permits. The United States, with an increasing demand on transportation, will need to move toward a society less dependent on automobiles and more dependent on public transportation in order lessen the need for expanded highway projects (Comotois, Rodrigue, & Slack, 2013).

References

Comotois, C., Rodrigue, J.-P., & Slack, B. (2013). The geography of transport systems. New York: Routledge.

Labi, S., & Sinha, K. (2007). Transportation decision making: Principles of project evaluation and programming.Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

2- Transportation systems have several environmental impacts, these are direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts. As transportation modes develop, it gives both positive and negative impacts on our environment. Although the improvements of transportation modes were one of the greatest achievements in our society, however, at the same time, it causes environmental degradation. There is no doubt, every day, we need these transportation modes and the demand of it is really increasing because it also supports the economic growth of a certain country. The increasing demand for transportation has both direct and indirect impacts on our environment. 

Direct Impacts

           These are the immediate consequence or the immediate affected of different kinds of transportation activities. As stated by (Rodrigue, et al., 2013), the cause and effect of transportation activities are clear and easy to be determined. The direct effects of transportation systems in our environment includes emissions from fossil fuel use, introductions of exotic species, and oil spills, (McAusland, 2008). 

Indirect Impacts

           These are the secondary and tertiary affected by the increasing demand for transportation systems. Indirect impacts often have higher consequences compared with direct impacts. Additionally, it is quite difficult to understand the relationship of indirect impacts in the environment, (Rodrigue, et al., 2013). Indirect impacts include production, maintenance, and disposal of a means of transport. The activities of transport systems such as maintenance and operating of docks of ships, airports deicing and servicing stations, and oil refineries which produce transport fuels, (Reijnders, 2000). 

           The improvements and developments of transportation systems have many advantages in our lives. Since the demand for it is increasing rapidly, it results in different negative impacts in our society as well as in our environment. Furthermore, these direct and indirect impacts damage our air quality, water quality, soil quality, it is the source of noise, biodiversity, and the most common problem in our environment, the climate change, (Rodrigue, et al., 2013).

References

McAusland C., (2008). Globalisationâs Direct and Indirect Effects on the Environment. OECD: International Transport Forum. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/greening-transport/41380703.pdf

Reijnders L., (2000). Environmental Evaluation of Means of Transport. Science Direct. Vol. 24. Issue 1. Pp. 14-20. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0386-1112(14)60013-3

Rodrigue J.P., Comtois C., & Slack B., (2013). The Geography of Transport System. Chapter 6: Urban Transportation. New York: Routledge.

3- The use of hydrocarbon based fuels for transportation has multiple areas where it affects the environment. From the onset of the process, exploiting hydrocarbon based fuel sources, whether solid, liquid, or gas, generate a noticeable amount of pollution (Indian Affairs, N.d.). This pollution is mostly localized to the extraction site, but if methane is released or excess product burned off, it can get airborne and effect places downwind. After extraction and refinement if necessary, the final product is sold to the consumer. Burning the gas and diesel to power our cars, trucks, trains, and ships is another way we directly impact the environment. Even with the restrictive emissions standards and penalty fares for driving older, more polluting vehicles, London recently faced one of the worst levels of air pollution seen since the Great Smog of 1952 (de Freytas-Tamura, 2017). This is partially due to the heavy use of diesel fueled vehicles emitting NO2 and particulate matter. Diesel is also a major creator of CO2, producing 22 pounds of the gas per gallon burned (Energy Information Administration, 2016). The effects of this pollution can be directly seen in the smog in the air and indirectly over time through the respiratory illnesses caused by the particulate matter (Science Daily, 2015).

Believe it or not, the use of electric vehicles like Tesla and electrified trains still can have a negative environmental impact. While the electricity they use on the road doesnât pollute, the power coming across the transmission lines may be dirty. Take Oregon, they import power from other states and 41% of it in 2012 was from coal fired plants (Baer, 2012). Their northern neighbor, Washingtonâs biggest CO2 emitter is a coal fired power plant. This leaves Oregonians with a clear view of Mt. Hood, but those in Centralia, Washington suffer the ill effects from having coal burned in their area. Thus, those using electricity to power their vehicles indirectly produce harmful emissions because the power grid still consumes hydrocarbon based fuels to turn the generators feeding their batteries. 

Baer, A. (2012, July 17) Even In Hydro-Rich Northwest, Coal Still Major Power Source. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from Oregon Public Broadcasting: http://www.opb.org/news/article/even-hydro-rich-northwest-coal-still-major-power-source/

de Freytas-Tamura, K. (2017, February 17) A Push for Diesel Leaves London Gasping Amid Record Pollution. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/17/world/europe/london-smog-air-pollution.html?_r=0

Energy Information Administration. (2016, September 7)Diesel Fuel Explained. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from U.S. Energy Information Administration: https://www.eia.gov/Energyexplained/index.cfm?page=diesel_environment

Indian Affairs. (N.d.) Oil and Gas Production Phase Impacts. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from Office of Indian Energy and Economic Development: https://teeic.indianaffairs.gov/er/oilgas/impact/prod/index.htm

Science Daily. (2015, March 14) Researchers uncover a mechanism linking inhaled diesel pollution and respiratory distress. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from Science Daily: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150314084127.htm

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1- Part one: To what extent do you believe a supply chain can be redesigned to compensate for poor product design or poor product quality?

Redesigning of the supply chain as a way of compensating for the poor products design or to address the poor quality of products is essential in ensuring quality is maintained. However, the supply chain need to go beyond being responsive to become efficient. Redesigning the supply chain alone may not be able to fully address the poor quality in the product designs (Mangan, Lalwani, & Lalwani, 2016). However, integration the supply chain in every aspect of the production process would be the most apt measure to address these problems. 

There is need to ensure a synchrony between the products and the supply chain designs. This ensures that the products are produce with the supply chain model in their mind and therefore ensure total quality that not only addresses the quality of the product but also the supply chain issues such as location and movement. Additionally, the supply chain can be redesigned to provide supply chain quality that will compensate for the flaws in the product design and quality. This includes the warehousing locations, distribution centres and the modes of transport that will provide the highest utility for the goods. The supply chain should also be designed to ensure sustainability in its management (Sunil Chopra & Meindl, 2015). The design should ensure that the products and the supply chain take into account the aspects of the society and the environment.  

Part II: is it possible for any company or business players to develop a brand new supply chain that has not been existing?

 

 

reference

Mangan, J., Lalwani, C., & Lalwani, C. L. (2016). Global Logistics and Supply Chain Management. John Wiley & Sons.

Sunil Chopra, & Meindl, P. (2015). Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation.Pearson Education.

2- Research and development departments spend a lot of time on developing products, however they do not always guarantee high quality and defects free products. Therefore, supply chain managers have to implement necessary changes in order to make up for the poor design or quality of the products. The area of the supply chain management that deals with production is manufacturing.

 

The first step in redesign decision is to conduct a root cause analysis, which will enable the management to identify the key problem areas. Once problematic areas are identified and the management has made the decision as to what needs to be improved in the supply chain, the company starts monitoring quality control more closely. It is evident though that the higher quality of a product or an exquisite design of a product requires higher costs at different levels of product development. It is believed that the cost of quality absorbs from 15 to 40% of companyâs revenue. It is not only possible but it also advisable to redesign a supply chain in order to compensate for quality and design of a product. This can be done in different areas of supply chain management including logistics. âOrganizations have come to recognize the vital impact that logistics management can have in the achievement of competitive advantageâ (Christopher, 2005). The segment of customers, who are tolerant towards minor product defects and on the other hand are satisfied with the speed and quality of service, are the major part of the target customers for the company in the situation. Therefore, effective logistics management is a powerful method of making up for the insufficient quality of a product. It should be mentioned that the supply chain management should be monitored often and redesigned at any level when necessary. Hence, not only logistics can be taken care of when dealing with poor quality of a product but also manufacturing and purchasing. 

 

References

Christopher M. (2005). Logistics and Supply Chain Management: Creating Value Adding Networks. Pearson Education.

3- âNo matter how well designed a supply chain is, it cannot overly compensate for poor productsâ (Mangan, Lalwani, Butcher & Javadpour, 2012, p.370).  Some individuals will purchase a product that is poor quality or poor design because the supply chain may offer easy and fast access to the product. This is having the supply chain focus on customer experience and customer service. Dell capitalized on customer services and customization of products, but it did have a decent product. However, once customers realize that the quality or design of the product is poor, sales will diminish as customers become dissatisfied. The supply chain cannot compensate for a poor product. If Dellâs computers fell apart once users self transported or the Dell system constantly crashed, then Dell would have lost sales and profit because of a poor product.

The supply chain is merely supporting in the acquisition of materials, assembly, and delivery of the product. If poor materials are acquired then that cannot be fixed. The assembly of the product could possibly improve the quality of the product if there are no checks and balances to test product quality in the supply chain process. The design of the product isnât changed with the supply chain process so that cannot be improved. The product is already completed once it begins the delivery process. Again, the supply chain can facilitate a short lead time to keep low stock of products as well as low prices and quick access for customers to gain products, but a poor product will always remain a poor product unless the design or materials themselves are improved.

Does the supply chain manager have the ethical responsibility to inform the company of the poor quality of a product or poor design if the supply chain itself is working perfectly?

 

References

Mangan, J., Lalwani, C., Butcher, T., & Javadpour, R. (2012). Global logistics & supply chain management (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, LTD.

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