Pre-Lab Questions
1. Landslides occurs because of differences in __________ that allow __________ to act
upon the land, pulling it downward. 2. What property helps soil stick together and prevents it from sliding? 3. How does gravity simultaneously hold an object in place and put stress on it that
makes it likely to slide? 4. What factors increase the likelihood for a slide to occur? © 2014 eScience Labs, LLC.
All Rights Reserved Experiment 1: Angles of Stability
In determining slope stability, geologist and civil engineers examine shear stress and shear
strength. The shear stress of a material will differ on varying slopes. In addition, shear
strength varies according to material cohesion and particle size. Water can change materials’
shear strengths and induce mass wasting. In this experiment, you will explore slope stability
by constructing slopes of gravel, sand, and soil, and measuring their angles of repose. You will
also explore water’s various effects on slope stability. Materials 250 mL Beaker
Fine Gravel
Protractor
Sand
Topsoil
*Cardboard (3) *Paper (3)
*Water
*You Must Provide Procedure
Part 1
1. Measure 200 mL gravel.
2. Pour gravel onto a piece of paper. Roll paper into a funnel and pour gravel out of
funnel onto a flat surface to make a hill as steep as possible. Describe what happens
to the sides of the pile as you pour in Table 1.
3. Measure the hill’s angle of repose by holding the protractor vertically next to the
gravel hill, and recording the angle in degrees where the curved upper edge of the
protractor intersects the surface of the pile (shown in Figure 3). Repeat to test for
error. Do not destroy your slopes! You will need them for Experiment 2.
4. Repeat Steps 1-3 for next sand and topsoil.
© 2014 eScience Labs, LLC.
All Rights Reserved Figure 3: Measuring the angle of response with a protractor. 5. Repeat building slopes with each material on an inclined surface. The incline should
have an angle of 15.° Record results. Do not destroy your slopes! You will need them
for Experiment 2. Table 1: Experiment 1 Observations
Base Material Observations and angle of repose Gravel
Flat Sand
Topsoil
Gravel 25° angle Sand
Topsoil Part 2
1. Dampen all slopes from Experiment 1 with 50 mL of water. Describe what happens to
the slopes in Table 2.
2. Add 50 mL more water. Keeping adding water in 50 mL increments until the slope
fails. Record observations in Table 2. Table 2: Experiment 2 Observations
© 2014 eScience Labs, LLC.
All Rights Reserved Base Material Observations Amount of water required
for slope to slide (mL) Gravel
Flat Sand
Topsoil
Gravel 25° Angle Sand
Topsoil Post-Lab Questions
1. Which material exhibited the greatest shear strength? How do you know? How does
this relate to particle size and cohesiveness? 2. Which material do you think is most likely to experience mass wasting? How is this
related to its angle of repose? 3. Is there any significant difference between the angle of repose for the piles built on
the flat or inclined surface? What variables may have affected the experiment results? 4. Explain how and why water can alternatively strengthen and weaken slopes. © 2014 eScience Labs, LLC.
All Rights Reserved 5. Would the method of pouring the material make any difference in the material’s angle
of repose? Explain why. 6. If people construct buildings on mountains, ridgetops, bluffs, and other sloping areas,
what effect might those buildings have on the soil surface? © 2014 eScience Labs, LLC.
All Rights Reserved

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