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Biological literacy is the ability to All of the above answer choices are correct.Only the second and third answer choices are correct.use the process of scientific inquiry to think creatively about real-world issues that have a biological component.integrate ideas about biology into your decision making.communicate ideas about biology to others.
2. Thinking scientifically relies on which of the following? statements from authoritieslearning a list of factsobjective observation and experimentationapplying your preconceptionsintuition3. In a recent study, patients treated with a genetically engineered heart drug were able to walk on a treadmill for 26 seconds longer than those not receiving the drug and showed no side effects. Can we conclude that this drug is an effective treatment for heart disease? No. It is not clear how many subjects were in the study.No. It is not clear that the proper controls were made.Yes.No. Genetically engineered drugs cannot be tested via the scientific method. They require comparative observations.No. It is not clear that the drug is not a placebo.4. Scientific data are always true.are used to support or refute a hypothesis.cannot be collected in a completely unbiased way.All of the above answer choices are correct.must be collected in laboratories.5. In a well-designed experiment, the prediction will most likely be true.prediction will be highly improbable if the explanation is incorrect.prediction will be highly probable if the explanation is correct.Both the first and second answer choices are correct.null hypothesis will not be tested.6. The proposed explanation for a phenomenon is BEST described as a(n) testable prediction.hypothesis.theory.experiment.observation.7. When conducting a scientific experiment, which of the following is tested? a resultthe null variablea predictiona questionan observation8. After generating a hypothesis, a scientist next does an experiment.formulates a theory.makes a prediction.writes a grant proposal.designs a series of tests.9. Scientific theories do not represent speculations or guesses about the natural world. Instead, they are hypotheses—proposed explanations for natural phenomena—that have been so strongly and persuasively supported by empirical observation that the scientific community views them as unlikely to be altered by new evidence.found to be statistically significant.validated by the International Board of Scientific Theories.used to support the political stances of the scientists who have developed them.verified by at least one critical experiment.10. A scientific theory is one that sounds the most plausible.is the foundation of all scientific experiments.perfectly sums up many years of accumulated experimental results.is based on hunches with no actual supporting evidence.changes each time a different observation is made.11. In science, theories tend to be ___________ than hypotheses. more empiricalmore experimentalmore speculativeless scientificbroader in scope12. Which of the following is the BEST description of a control group in an experiment? There can be more than one difference between the control group and test groups, but not several differences or else the experiment is invalid.There should be more than one control group in any experiment.The control group is identical to each test group, except for one variable.The control group and the test groups may have several differences between them.The control group is a test group that is chosen at random.13. An experimental condition applied to research subjects is called a control.treatment.randomization.variable.placebo.14. In a scientific experiment, a control group is less important than an experimental group.All of the above answer choices are correct.can be compared with an experimental group to assess whether one particular variable is causing a change in the experimental group.makes the experiment better, but is not essential.must be kept in a laboratory.15. If a researcher uses the same experimental setup as another study to collect data, but uses different research subjects, it is considered inductive reasoning.replication.a two-tailed test of the hypothesis.extrapolation.exploration.16. _________________ may have biases that affect their abilities to perform in an objective fashion. Research assistantsAll of the above answer choices are correct.Authors of test questionsPoliticiansScientists17. What is the BEST way for a scientist to address his/her own biases? Understand his/her biases and interpret the data differently as a result.Never be involved in any kind of scientific study where his/her possible biases might impact the study.Make sure that no biases influence his/her work.None of the above is correct; there is no way a scientist can deal with biases.Use careful controls to minimize them.18. The set of analytical and mathematical tools designed to help researchers gain understanding from the data they gather is called experimentation.geometry.biology.genetics.statistics.19. When comparing two groups, the ______________, the more confident we are of the conclusion that a significant difference exists in the groups. smaller the difference between the two groupsfewer the number of individuals in each groupmore variables we measuresmaller the variation in each grouplarger the variation in each group20. Which of the following questions CANNOT be answered by the scientific method? Which Shakespearean sonnet is the most beautiful?Does chemical runoff give rise to hermaphrodite fish?Does hair that is shaved grow back coarser?Does taking echinacea reduce the intensity or duration of the common cold?Is eyewitness testimony in criminal proceedings reliable?21. The scientific method will never prove or disprove the beauty of Shakespeare's sonnets.Only the first and second answer choices are correct.the ability of echinacea to prevent the common cold.the existence of God.All of the above answer choices are correct.22. Why is it that creationism can never be accepted as a scientific explanation of the origin of life? None of the above is correct; creationism can be accepted as a scientific explanation of the origin of life.because creationism, similar to evolution, is a theory and therefore cannot be provedbecause most scientists are not deeply religious peoplebecause the ideas of creationism cannot be tested through experiment and observationbecause the age of the Earth, as given in Genesis, can never be determined23. Science as a way of seeking principles of order differs from art, religion, and philosophy in that science deals exclusively with known facts.all scientific knowledge is gained by experimentation.science denies the existence of the supernatural.science limits its search to the natural world of the physical universe.there is no room for intuition or guessing.24. Which of the following areas is NOT heavily influenced by biology? behavioral issuescriminologyenvironmental issuesagricultureBiology heavily influences all of these areas.25. All of the following are branches of biology EXCEPT ecology.genetics.geology.behavior.evolution.26. An atom of iron has the atomic number 26. This means that it has an atomic mass of 26.13 neutrons.26 protons.52 protons.13 electrons.27. What is missing from this cell of the periodic table?
the atomic number for nitrogen, 28the atomic number for nitrogen, 8the atomic number for nitrogen, 7the atomic number for nitrogen, 6the atomic number for nitrogen, 1428. Carbon-14 has the same atomic mass as both carbon-12 and carbon-13.number of protons but more neutrons than carbon-12.atomic number and, therefore, the same number of neutrons as carbon-13.atomic number and atomic mass as carbon-12.atomic mass and, therefore, the same number of neutrons as carbon-12.29. The four most abundant elements in living organisms are carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and calcium.hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon.sodium, nitrogen, carbon, and silicon.carbon, nitrogen, potassium, and oxygen.carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.30. A(n) __________ is the smallest chemical unit of a type of pure substance. cellamino acidmoleculeprotonatom31. Of all the elements that occur on Earth, how many are found in your body? 109025116432. Three principal types of bonds hold multiple atoms together. These are covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds.hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and glycosidic linkages.phosphate bonds, disulfide bonds, and hydrogen bonds.covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bonds.ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and ester bonds.33. The fact that water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid explains why water can resist temperature changes.oil never dissolves in water.ice cubes sink when placed in a glass of water.ice floats on top of liquid water.water is such a good solvent.34. The pH of a fluid is a measure of its capacity to function as soap.how acidic or basic it is.the concentration of phosphate groups.the amount of adenosine triphosphate (a-pH) in it.its enzymatic stability.35. A solution's acidity is a measure of the H+ (free-floating protons) it contains.the number of all dissolved molecules in a solution.its negative charge (the stronger the negative charge, the more acidic the substance).the amount of buffer molecules in the solution.the number of nucleotide bases in the solution.36. A buffer is a chemical that is identical to baking soda.can quickly release H+ ions to counteract any increases in the OH– concentration in a solution.restores the pH of a solution to 7.0.can quickly absorb excess H+ ions to keep a solution from becoming too acidic.Both the first and second answer choices are correct.37. Energy derived from cellular respiration can originate from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.carbohydrates and proteins only.fats only.proteins only.carbohydrates only.38. Which of the following are all monosaccharides? starch, cellulose, and glycogenglycogen and glucoseglucose, fructose, and galactosefructose and celluloseglucose and maltose39. Glycogen belongs in the class of molecules known as proteins.polysaccharides.amino acids.nucleic acids.monosaccharides.40. Which of the following is a polysaccharide? fructose, one of the most important blood sugarsglucose, the chief cellular energy sourcecellulose, the primary component of plant cell wallsAll of the above answer choices are correct.insulin, the chief blood sugar regulator41. The diagram below represents which class of chemical compounds?
proteinssterolsacidsfatscarbohydrates42. Organic molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon are called enantiomers.hydroxyls.carbohydrates.hydrocarbons.fats.43. An unsaturated fatty acid is one in which carbon-carbon double bonds are present in the hydrocarbon chain.not all of the carbons in the hydrocarbon chain are bonded to hydrogen atoms.an odd number of subunits are present in the hydrocarbon chain.carbon-carbon double bonds are not present in the hydrocarbon chain.an even number of subunits are present in the hydrocarbon chain.44. Saturated fatty acids have _________________ than unsaturated fatty acids, which is why they exist as a ____________ at room temperature. fewer double bonds; solidmore double bonds; liquidmore carbon atoms; solidfewer hydrogen atoms; solidmore glycerol molecules; liquid45. Human sex hormones are classified as which type of biological molecule? carbohydrateenzymenucleic acidproteinlipid46. The principal components of cell membranes are glycoproteins.carbohydrates.lipids.nucleic acids.proteins.47. All of the following are proteins EXCEPT hemoglobin.an enzyme.cholesterol.an antibody.insulin.48. A complex polymer built of amino acids is called a(n) fatty acid.polysaccharide.polypeptide.monosaccharide.amine.49. Enzymes reduce the energy released by a reaction by one of four different mechanisms.are always consumed by catalyzing a reaction.increase the rate at which a reaction occurs.catalyze reactions that release energy, but not those that consume energy.sometimes increase the amount of energy necessary to initiate a reaction.50. One of the four nucleotide bases in DNA is replaced by a different base in RNA. Which base is it, and what is it replaced by? guanine, replaced by cytosineadenine, replaced by uracilthymine, replaced by uracilthymine, replaced by guaninecytosine, replaced by guanine51. Which statement is NOT part of the modern cell theory? Cells arise from other cells.Cellular reactions include both energy-releasing and biosynthetic types.The first cell arrived on Earth from outer space.Cells contain hereditary information that passes from one generation of cells to the next.All living organisms consist of one or more cells.52. Interacting systems of molecules enclosed in compartments called __________ evolved 3.8 billion years ago in living organisms. cellscirculatory systemsmicrospheresbrainsorgans53. Which of the following is the primary site of protein assembly within eukaryotic cells? the Golgi apparatusthe peroxisomethe smooth endoplasmic reticulumthe vesiclesthe ribosomes54. Eukaryotic cells may contain all of the following EXCEPT ribosomes.a membrane-bound nucleus.photosynthetic pigments.flagella.a peptidoglycan cell wall.55. How are phospholipid molecules that make up the surface membrane of a cell organized? A single-layered structure is formed, with the hydrophobic tails facing in to the interior of the cell and the hydrophobic head on the outside, facing the exterior environment.Both the second and fourth answer choices are possible.A single-layered structure is formed, with the hydrophobic heads facing in to the interior of the cell and the hydrophobic tails on the outside, facing the exterior environment.A two-layered structure is formed, with the hydrophobic tails facing in to each other, sandwiched between the hydrophilic heads that face the interior of the cell and the exterior environment.A two-layered structure is formed, with the hydrophobic heads facing in to each other, sandwiched between the hydrophilic tails on the outside that face interior of the cell and the exterior environment.56. Which cellular structure makes it possible for a cell to differ structurally and biochemically from its surroundings? nucleolusendoplasmic reticulumplasma membranecell wallnucleus57. Which of the following BEST defines diffusion? net movement of particles from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentrationnet movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentrationnet movement of fluids from the environment into and out of an organismnet movement of particles from a cell into the extracellular matrixnet movement of particles between cells58. The primary function of molecular membranes is the transport of ions and molecules into and out of cells—transport is directional and selective. The movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration to gain energy is best described as active transport.electron transport.channel-mediated diffusion.passive transport.inactivated transport.59. If the concentrations of a particular molecule are equal on both sides of the membrane, facilitated diffusion will ensure that the molecule becomes concentrated inside the cell.ensure that the molecule becomes concentrated outside the cell.ensure that the concentrations inside and outside the cell are both increased.be ineffective.ensure that the molecule stays impermeable to the membrane.60. Osmosis is more/less (pick one) specialized than diffusion because it involves _________. more; acidsless; acidsless; all liquidsmore; basesmore; water61. A cell's interior is considered isotonic to the surrounding fluid when the solute concentrations are the same within and outside the cell.the cell's lipid bilayer does not allow any molecules to pass into or out of the cell.an equal number of water molecules is present immediately outside the cell as inside the cell.the solute concentration is lower within the cell than outside the cell.the solute concentration is higher within the cell than outside the cell.62. You are bored at a lunch meeting and surreptitiously place a raisin in your glass of water. The raisin swells to twice its original size. Relative to the water, the raisin must have been osmotic.hypotonic.hypertonic.isotonic.mesotonic.63. The movement of H+ into the stomach represented below is accomplished through
facilitated diffusion.simple diffusion.osmosis.endocytosis.active transport.64. Secretion of cell products such as milk proteins and mucus from glandular cells is accomplished via exocytosis.active transport.endocytosis.facilitated diffusion.passive transport.65. Which of the following is NOT an important structural feature on the surface membrane of an animal cell? cholesterolcell wallglycoproteinscarbohydrateslipid bilayer66. What is the only cell type in animals that has a flagellum? the hair folliclethe sperm cellthe ovumkidney cellsliver cells67. Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is FALSE? It is responsible for some cellular movement.It is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.All of the above statements are TRUE.It is made from proteins that act as a scaffolding.It is a three-dimensional structure that fills the cytoplasm.68. Which of the following CANNOT occur? two cousins having identical mitochondrial DNAyou and your full-sibling sister having identical mitochondrial DNANone of the above; all of these are possible.you and your great-grandmother having identical mitochondrial DNAyou and your full-sibling brother having different nuclear DNA69. Approximately 70–90 percent of the genetic material in a gamete made in your body could be inherited from your mother. How could this be? Your maternal genes kill off your paternal genes at a greater rate than your paternal genes kill of your maternal genes.The above statement is incorrect because 50 percent of the genetic material in your gametes comes from your father.The X chromosome is substantially larger than the Y chromosome.You receive maternal genes through the placenta and through breast milk.You receive many mitochondria, which have their own genome, from your mother, but not from your father.70. Which of the following organelles is responsible for degrading waste within the cell? endoplasmic reticulumlysosomechloroplastribosomeGolgi apparatus71. The lysosomes in a human cell contain approximately ________ type(s) of digestive enzyme(s). 45001015072. Where are cell membrane components synthesized? vesiclesendoplasmic reticulumnucleusGolgi apparatuslysosomes73. Vesicles return back to the Golgi apparatus after they have delivered their proteins to be reused.deposit their protein cargo in an arbitrary fashion throughout the cell.Both the second and fourth answer choices are correct.fuse with the nucleus membrane to deliver important enzymes, such as polymerase.bud off from the endoplasmic reticulum.74. Plants have cell walls to give them more structural strength. In order to facilitate movement of molecules from one plant cell to another, channels called ___________________ run through the cell walls. transport vesiclesdesmosomesplasmodesmataplasma membranesvacuoles75. Although cells tend to be spherical, several factors influence cells to assume other shapes. Which of the following does NOT influence cell shape? pressure from neighboring cellsnumber of mitochondriathe cytoskeletonstructural filaments within the cellscell walls76. A cyclist rides her bike up a very steep hill. Which of the following choices properly describes this example in energetic terms? Kinetic energy is highest when the cyclist is at the crest of the hill.Both the first and fourth answer choices are correct.Potential energy in food is converted to kinetic energy as muscles push the cyclist up the hill.Gravity provides a source of potential energy.The cyclist produces the most potential energy as she cruises down the hill's steep slope.77. Which of the following is NOT a form of kinetic energy? flowing water turning a turbinea pitcher throwing a baseballa covalent bond linking phosphate moleculesa chameleon tongue catching a buga ball rolling down a hill78. When energy is converted from one form to another, some energy is converted to heat.it becomes more useful to organisms for fueling cellular activity.a small amount of energy is destroyed.a small amount of energy is created.the quantity of energy in the universe changes.79. Within the study of thermodynamics, a closed system is defined as system in which energy does not come in and energy does go out. Which of the following is considered a closed system? the universea living organism's bodyan oceanthe EarthAll of the above answer choices are correct.80. Different steps in cellular respiration occur in different locations in the mitochondria. Which of the following does NOT properly match a step of respiration to its proper location? two carbons manipulated through Krebs cycle: matrixmolecule of CO2 released: matrixa gradient of hydrogen ions phosphorylates ATP: inner mitochondrial membraneAll of the above are correct matches between function and location.energy transferred from NADH and FADH2 to ATP: inner mitochondrial membrane81. Each ATP molecule is composed of three separate subunits. Which of the following is NOT a proper description of one of these subunits? three carbon-nitrogen ringsa triphosphate groupa five-carbon sugara ribosean adenine82. The phosphate groups in ATP are negatively charged.are covalently bonded to each other.All of the above answer choices are correct.release energy when separated from the rest of the molecule.represent a significant source of stored energy.83. Which of the following is NOT a product of photosynthesis? oxygensugarswaterNone of the above; all are products of photosynthesis.carbon dioxide84. A plant with leaves that are reddish yellow is NOT absorbing light from which wavelengths of the visible light spectrum? green and redred and yellowblue and violetgreen, red, and yellowgreen and yellow85. Which of the following does NOT occur as a direct result of a photon hitting a chlorophyll molecule? production of NADPH and H+
fluorescencebackward reflection of the photonexcitation of an electrona release of heat86. Chlorophyll's most important role during photosynthesis is keeping the leaves of plants green.turning into a molecule of ATP upon being struck by sunlight.capturing electrons that can, in turn, be used by carotenoids.converting light energy from the Sun into chemical energy.turning color in the autumn each year.87. Photosynthesizing plants rely on water to serve as a high-energy electron carrier.provide the protons necessary to produce chlorophyll.replenish oxygen molecules that are lost during photosynthesis.replace electrons that are excited by light energy and passed from molecule to molecule down an electron transport chain.concentrate the beams of light hitting a leaf, focusing them on the reaction center.88. Which of the following statements about the light reactions of photosynthesis are CORRECT? Pigments absorb light energy, which excites electrons.The energy of the Sun is captured as potential energy.Only the first and third answer choices are correct.All of the above answer choices are correct.Water molecules split, providing a source of electrons.89. The electron transport chain in eukaryotic mitochondria results in all of the following EXCEPT the conversion of NADH to NAD+ (as it gives up electrons).the production of ATP via ATP synthase.the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.a proton concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.the conversion of molecular oxygen to water.90. The most abundant protein in the world is the enzyme that initiates the fixation of carbon in the Calvin cycle. This enzyme is called ribulose biphosphate.ATP-synthase.crassulacean acid.glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.rubisco.91. To synthesize one glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) molecule, the Calvin cycle has to fix three atoms of carbon from carbon dioxide to an organic molecule within the chloroplast. This process consumes how many molecules of ATP and NADPH, respectively, which were generated in the “photo” reactions? 9, 96, 83, 69, 69, 1292. Where does the Calvin cycle take place? in the thylakoid membranein the Hobbesian membranearound the chlorophyll moleculein the cellular cytoplasmin the stroma of the chloroplast93. The three different known biochemical pathways organisms will use to photosynthesize include which of the following? C3, C5, CAMC3, C4, C5C2, C4, CAMC3, C4, CAMC4, C5, CAM94. During C4 photosynthesis, plants are able to produce sugars without any input of carbon dioxide.are able to continue producing sugars even when they must close their stomata to reduce water loss during hot days.utilize less ATP when producing sugar.are able to generate water molecules to cool their leaves.are able to reduce water loss by producing more rubisco.95. Glycolysis is not performed in plants, which get their energy solely through photosynthesis.is performed solely on the glucose ingested by the organism.occurs in all cells.is also referred to as the Krebs cycle.completely oxidizes glucose to carbon dioxide.96. What are the three different metabolic pathways that are responsible for the production of ATP? glycolysis, the reactions on the electron transport chain, and the Krebs (citric acid) cycleNone of the above answer choices is correct.glycolysis, oxidation, and the Calvin cycle reactionshydrolysis, active transport, and the light reactionssubstrate inhibition, catabolism, and fermentation97. During the Krebs cycle, the products of glycolysis are converted into acetyl-CoA.cellular respiration can continue even in the absence of oxygen.the products of glycolysis are further broken down, generating additional ATP and the high-energy electron carrier NADH.the products of glycolysis are further broken down, generating additional ATP and the high-energy electron carrier NADPH.high-energy electron carriers pass their energy to molecules of sugar, which in turn store them as potential energy.98. In your body, when energy is released from the breakdown of a molecule such as glucose, adenosine monophosphate is created.molecules of ATP are required to capture the heat generated by the reaction.adenosine diphosphate is created.all of the energy is lost as heat.some of the energy may be harnessed by building the unstable high-energy bonds that attach phosphate groups to ADP.99. Which of the following is a feature of mitochondria that aids in their unique ability to harness energy from food? lack of an internal membraneBoth the first and third answer choices are correct.inner “bag” structure studded with electron carrier moleculespresence of a thylakoid membrane“bag-within-a-bag” structure100. Which of the following is TRUE regarding the metabolic machinery of humans and animals? Humans and animals can extract energy from sugars, lipids, and proteins.All food first must be converted into glucose before it is usable.All food first must be converted into glycerol and glucose before it is usable.Simple sugars are the only real valuable energy source for humans and animals.All food first must be converted into a carbon compound and an amino group before it is usable.