1) Explain how historical understandings of disease contributed to attempts to treat and contain
disease. Which attempts were successful? Why? Which attempts were unsuccessful? Why?
2) You use the Gram staining procedure to stain an L-form bacterium (a bacterium that lacks a
cell wall). Describe each step in the gram staining procedure you undertake and why each step is
done. What color will the bacterium be after the staining procedure is finished? Explain your
answer.
3) Compare and contrast Francisco Redi’s and Luis Pasteur’s experiments to refute spontaneous
generation. Why were Pasteur’s results accepted, while Redi’s were not? Which part of Pasteur’s
experiment definitively disproved spontaneous generation? What would the results have looked
like if Pasteur’s experiment had supported spontaneous generation?
4) When babies are born by Caesarean section, they do not get exposed to the same microbes as
babies delivered by vaginal birth. Research suggests there may be negative consequences to this
and studies are now being conducted where babies born by C-section are smeared with gauze
incubated in their mother’s vagina to pick up the microbes that would colonize a baby born by
vaginal birth. What are your thoughts on this? What are any potential negative consequences to
this?
5a) Discuss why viruses are considered infectious "particles" on the borderline between living
and non-living.
b) Why do most viruses that infect bacteria have tails, whereas most viruses that infect animals
and plants do not?
c) How does reverse transcriptase aid a retrovirus in establishing a chronic infection?
6) A patient with a heart pacemaker received antibiotic therapy for streptococcal bacteremia
(bacteria in the blood). One month later, he was treated for recurrence of the bacteremia. When
he returned six weeks later, again with bacteremia, the physician recommended replacing the
pacemaker. Explain what the likely cause of the infection was and why removal of the
pacemaker cured his condition?
7a) In considering the cell structure of prokaryotes compared with that of eukaryotes, propose
one possible reason for side effects in humans due to treatment of bacterial infections with
protein synthesis inhibitors.
b) Why can’t drugs used to treat influenza, like amantadines and neuraminidase inhibitors, be
used to treat a wider variety of viral infections?
8) Imagine that a mutation in the gene encoding the cholera toxin was made. This mutation
affects the A-subunit, preventing it from interacting with any host protein. Would the toxin be able to enter into the intestinal epithelial cell? Why or why not? Would the toxin be able to cause
diarrhea? Why or why not?
9) An Atlantic crossing by boat from England to New England took 60–80 days in the 18th
century. In the late 19th century the voyage took less than a week. How do you think these time
differences for travel might have impacted the spread of infectious diseases from Europe to the
Americas, or vice versa?
10) In Lubeck, Germany, in 1930, a group of 251 infants was accidentally administered a tainted
vaccine for tuberculosis that contained live Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This vaccine was
administered orally, directly exposing the infants to the deadly bacterium. Many of these infants
contracted tuberculosis, and some died. However, 44 of the infants never contracted tuberculosis.
Based on your knowledge of the innate immune system, what innate defenses might have
inhibited M. tuberculosis enough to prevent these infants from contracting the disease?
11) Explain why HIV’s attack on helper T cells is so devastating to the adaptive (specific)
immune system?

• 1499066087-BIOL 302 final exam.docx

SuperTutor

(15)

Status NEW Posted 03 Jul 2017 07:07 AM My Price 14.00

-----------

Attachments

file 1499066090-Solutions file.docx preview (51 words )

S-----------olu-----------tio-----------ns -----------fil-----------e -----------Hel-----------lo -----------Sir-----------/Ma-----------dam----------- T-----------han-----------k y-----------ou -----------for----------- yo-----------ur -----------int-----------ere-----------st -----------and----------- bu-----------yin-----------g m-----------y p-----------ost-----------ed -----------sol-----------uti-----------on.----------- Pl-----------eas-----------e p-----------ing----------- me----------- on----------- ch-----------at -----------I a-----------m o-----------nli-----------ne -----------or -----------inb-----------ox -----------me -----------a m-----------ess-----------age----------- I -----------wil-----------l b-----------e q-----------uic-----------kly----------- on-----------lin-----------e a-----------nd -----------giv-----------e y-----------ou -----------exa-----------ct -----------fil-----------e a-----------nd -----------the----------- sa-----------me -----------fil-----------e i-----------s a-----------lso----------- se-----------nt -----------to -----------you-----------r e-----------mai-----------l t-----------hat----------- is----------- re-----------gis-----------ter-----------ed -----------onÂ----------- th-----------is -----------web-----------sit-----------e -----------Tha-----------nk -----------you----------- -----------

Not Rated(0)

• Buy Answer