Final Exam Review:
What was Aristotle's basic position on music education and music as a profession as it
relates to emotional responses to music?
Ex) Aristotle suggested that changes in mode, rhythm, or instrumentation in music can provoke
changes in the emotional effects of the music. With regards, Aristotle advocated music education
for youths in moderation. He considered Dorian music to be most appropriate, but discouraged a
profession in music because he considered this a source of living through manipulation of
spectators' emotions. He regarded a career in music to be vulgar.
Using your MTF text, explain Berlyne's inverted U function for hedonic value as it relates to
Meyer's expectation theory.
Ex) Berlyne's "hedonic value" changes arousal in essence of an inverted-U function. Pieces that
evoke little or no arousal, or high arousal, have less hedonic value than pieces that evoke an
intermediate level of arousal. Meyer's expectation theory lies under the assumption that musical
meaning is in the expectations it creates in the listener. Berlyne suggests that perception of
complexity depends on musical training and familiarity, in turn, Meyer points out that anything
acquires meaning if its connected with, or refers to, something beyond itself. In an event where
the listener has experienced a musical sequence many times before, the listener learns to expect
that sequence.
To the best of your ability, describe the brain mechanisms and related behavioral responses
that take place during musical improvisation, as described in the podcast by Dr. Charles
Limb.
Ex) During musical improvisation brain activity increased in the prefrontal cortex; the area of the
brain linked with self-expression and individuality. Brain activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex
decreased, also responsible for self-censoring.
Appraise claims about the effects of music on a human fetus.
Ex) A fetus can detect and respond to acoustic stimulation; in some cases, the stimulation can
influence development. By the third trimester, the fetus has the ability to hear, process, and
remember musical patterns. Although, claims about fetal responses to music, or "dancing," have
no empirical evidence. Therefore, a fetus is unlikely to synchronize with music.
Briefly discuss the musical preferences of human infants.
Ex) An infants preference in music is often shaped by repeated exposure to typical rhythms in
their environment. Musical preference in infants was interpreted as an indirect measure of
musical memory, and is measured using the head-turning procedure. An infants degree of musical
preference correlates with memory for the music. Infants prefer music they are familiar with. From Ch. 8 in your MTF text, briefly describe the effects of visual cues (e.g. movement,
facial expression) on the perception of emotion in musical performance.
Ex) Visual cues effect the perception of emotion in a musical performance; certain body
movements used during a musicians performance are introduced for interpretive purposes. These
gestures and facial expressions reflect the performers understanding of the music. Visual aspects
of performance influence the emotion experiences of music. Facial expressions are capable of
causing leading guitar sections to sound more or less dissonant and can cause melodic intervals to
sound larger, smaller, happier, or sadder. Visual cues greatly influence the affective judgement of
music.
As it is virtually impossible to identify a favorite song, please take the time to think about
and identify one of your favorite songs, either recently or from another time period in your
life. Identify what makes this song so meaningful to you both with the lyrics and more
importantly, (for the purposes of this course) in the music itself. Use material in Ch. 8 of the
Levitin text in your response, particularly information related to your preferences as they
were developed by social influences and early exposure to music.
Ex) ONE of my favorite songs, although impossible to even narrow down favorite Beatle songs,
is "Here Comes the Sun." It was one of the first Beatle songs I heard before taking an interest in
their music. Although the vocal parts are repetitive they are a significant part of my attraction to
the song. The phrase structure in correlation with the vocals create a happy feel to the song. There
was very little early exposure to Beatles or like artists, it was introduced me to young, but wasn't
very repetitive until I took my own liking into "oldies." My preference in Beatles music was a
major component in like-music, and played a big part of my general taste.
Briefly describe the argument for the origins of music as it relates to sexual selection.
Ex) Charles Darwin argued that music, like birdsong, originated in the evolutionary process of
sexual selection. With regards, the primary function of music is to attract sexual mates, and in
turn increase the chances of reproductive success. Darwin pointed out that whistling, for instance,
attracts prey that can be captured and eaten. Furthermore, music generally attracts the attention of
other people.
In your own words, briefly describe the notion of what Theory of Mind (ToM) means.
Also, in your own words, describe how ToM relates to music, particularly as musicality
relates to emotional intelligence.
Ex) Theory of Mind (ToM) is to acknowledge people as beings who have beliefs, desires,
emotions, and intentions. An individuals actions can be justified by accepting others under these
circumstances. ToM enables an understanding between one another through cognitive
interpretation, and with these interpretations the likelihood of effectively understanding, and
influencing the behaviors of others heightens. ToM relates to music because music is interrelated
to the mental state of individuals as it can further exploit the desires and emotions of a person. Dr. Godfred Slowd
Organist-Bosboug-Hospital work. Started working 6th recorder to harmonial
Father built an electronic organ
Playing music and love of music started because always wanted to be a musician
Social work- joy working with people
Medical school
Went back to music
Early 90s-imagining was sufficient enough to work with peoples minds
Combine music with medical
Musicians brain vs. nonmuscian brain
Started with hypothesis developed at the institute he works for now Boston
Center
80s- Norman Geslin and Albert Calaborter- Music might be at the right side of
the brain
Both sides of the brain not equal
One sits in the region that analyzes sounds at temporal lobe –Plannel
Temporada left side of the brain
One hemisphere is more dominant
If people deviant brain lateral-asymmetric-talented with music and music
processing
Symmetrical brain would make people talented
Early 90s put these people in MRI scan
Hypothesis was wrong-cannot prove if right side dominant
Group of musicians that were asymmetric to the left side, extremely
naturalized thoughts
Ability to identify a musical tone with the absence of ___
Motor system develops more. visual Did music help with language and math skills? Ripple effect
One-Found differences in brain that does higher skills-auditory to
-Engaged in output system-front end of execution
-Inferior frontal
-Sits in front,
Music might change, music making might change the multi motor skills..
(New hypothesis)
Implications
Young people-Good to have experience with music
Visual arts and music intrical..extramusical extraarts benefits
Music making should be in schools Music making might in the form of schooling leads to increase in
cognition. If true, it would still benefit bc its more fun
Specific enhancements in domains rather than just general
Music and people with damage in the brain
First study-music making to regain language functions
2nd- use similar approach to help with singing in children without
verbal skills to become more interactive
2 ChildrenFirst- Chello, started with instruments at age 4
Second- Chello,

 

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