Investigation 11A: THUNDERSTORMS
1. "As a general rule of thumb, the greater the altitude of the top of a thunderstorm cloud
(cumulonimbus), the more intense the thunderstorm cell. A relatively high thunderstorm
top implies vigorous convection and a relatively ________ updraft." weak strong
2. "Within a thunderstorm cell, the temperature ________ with increasing altitude primarily
because of the expansion of rising air within the cloud." falls rises
3. "An intense thunderstorm thus has a relatively ________ cloud top." cold warm
4. "On a visible satellite image, a large thunderstorm can appear as a bright white blotch, or
cluster. The brightness of the blotch indicates that the cloud top has a relatively ________
albedo for visible solar radiation." high low
Applications 5. "Note the temperature and dewpoint in the station model at Lake Charles, in
southwestern LA. Lake Charles’ temperature at map time was ________ °F and the
dewpoint was 71 °F. Lake Charles was ahead of the approaching cold front and squall
line." 78 75 67
6. "The temperature at Wichita, in south-central Kansas, was 47 °F with a dewpoint of
________ °F. Wichita was behind the trailing cold front and was representative of the
cold air mass advancing into the country." 26
31
48 7. "Dewpoints as shown by station models across the Southeastern states indicated air with
relatively ________ concentrations of water vapor compared to stations behind the cold
front. (A guide is that an increase of 18 F° in dewpoint indicates about a doubling of
water vapor concentration.)" high low
8. "Winds from Brownsville, in southernmost Texas, to the Florida panhandle, displayed a
generally ________ flow of humid air ahead of the cold fronts." northward southward
9. "The wind direction at Little Rock, in central Arkansas, was shown as about 15 knots
generally from a ________ direction near the southern squall line." southerly northerly
10. "Radar reflectivity shadings of red splotches and lines showed that precipitation
intensities associated with both the north and southern portions of squall lines were
relatively ________." weak strong
11. "Such relatively small areas of high precipitation values would likely be associated with
________." widespread light rainfall local strong thunderstorms 12. "The location of the reports ________ likely related to the passing low-pressure center of
the storm system and the northern squall line." were were not
13. "The combination of these types of weather occurrences are typically only related to
thunderstorm activity. Therefore, we can confidently conclude that thunderstorms
________ occurring in areas of red radar echoes near map time." were were not 14. "The surface Low center was positioned to the ________ of the closed contour marking
the low heights within the trough of the upper air wind pattern in the north-central U.S.
area. Such positioning often occurs with strong, rapidly moving cyclonic systems." west north east south
15. "The Springfield, Missouri, upper air station model shows a wind speed of ________
knots within a small, brown oval isotach near that station." 60 75 100
150 16. "Shade the area within this isotach. This relatively higher wind speed region is evidence
that a ________ existed aloft within jet stream winds." jet streak calm area
17. "The upper air winds displayed the trough’s axis positioned slightly to the west of the
surface storm center. Also strong jet winds with a jet streak pattern were over the central
U.S. at 00Z on 12 November 2015. This flow pattern indicated divergence at this upper
tropospheric level, a lifting mechanism for surface and lower tropospheric air. These
upper level wind features suggest that support in the upper troposphere needed for
thunderstorm formation and development ________ exist across this region." did did not
18. "The Figure 1 surface map ________ show favorable low-level moisture and a trigger
mechanism while Figure 3 shows evidence of supportive upper atmospheric conditions,
all of which contributed to thunderstorm development." does does not

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