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research paper proposal
Statistics for Criminal Justice
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Part I Introduction
Developmental victimology is a study undertaken so as to get to understand the various types of victimization that exist, and which the children are culprits of the same. The study of developmental victimology further helps highlight the various lines of inquiry that could take place in regards to childhood victimization. In as much as there are numerous researches concerning different various aspects of child victimization, it remains hard to get accurate data and current information as far as child victimization is concerned.Childhood victimization could have enormous detrimental consequences on the children which would lead to derailing their health and normal development trajectories, and thus negatively impact on their academic performance.
Such childhood trauma eventually may cause the child to grow up being antisocial, long even into their adulthood. Thus, we can make a conclusion that if child victimization is not prevented, it could be a prerequisite to the growing rates of antisocial behaviors and even criminal activities in the society.
Therefore, this research is mainly undertaken so as to determine f there is a relationship between instances childhood victimization and existence of the statutory laws that govern the same. This paper aims at putting forth evidence through the studies, on how the laws that govern childhood victimization could lead to a decrease in the juvenile victimization cases.
Andrea, W. (2012). Understanding Interpersonal Trauma in Children: Why We Need a Developmentally Appropriate Trauma Diagnosis. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,82(2), 187–200.
According to Andrea (2012) any childhood exposure towards victimization would definitely have a significant as well as long tern extreme psychological distress and could also lead to functional impairment. Children that are exposed to victimization that is interpersonal in nature often show symptoms of psychiatric disorders and also post traumatic stress disorders. This article authored by Andrea, aims to put forward the understanding the trauma that children undergoes when victimized, the symptoms that suggests that a child has been subjected to victimization and also put forwards the different measures that the current justice system of the world are taking in order to prevent children victimization
Ben-David. S. and Goldberg, I. (2008). The Relationship of Childhood Victimization, Drug Abuse and PTSD to Adult Delinquency in a Prison Population. In: Trends and Issues in Victimology. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholar Publishing. 4(2), 205-221
This paper authored by Ben-David. S. and Goldberg, I. (2008), seeks to draw a relationship between childhood victimization and adult delinquency within the population of prison. The main purpose of the paper was to introduce a model that would facilitate in explaining the poisonous circle of violence which could be represented in the form of the relationship that exists between criminal activities and victimization in childhood. The authors have also presented a vivid study of the different measures that law and order systems of various countries have taken in order to prevent childhood victimization to convert into criminal activity during adulthood. According to this article adult criminal activities could be definitely be prevented if childhood victimization could be either prevented or if proper psychiatric treatment is offered to the victimized patients.
Cook, C. (2010). Predictors of Bullying and Victimization in Childhood and Adolescence: A Meta-analytic Investigation. School Psychology Quarterly, 25(2), 65–83.
Cook (2010) in his paper has stated that prevention of childhood victimization should be one of the most significant activities of the law and order and justice system of every country. It is absolutely necessary to identify the victimized children and to offer them not only proper treatment but also justice. Justice can be only provided if the law and order authorities of the country take active measure to identify the predator that is the reason behind the victimization of a child and appropriate strict legal actions are taken against such predators.
Stevens, C. (1994). Childhood victimization: Relationship to adolescent pregnancy outcome. International Journal of Science, 18(7), 569–575
According to Stevens (1994), childhood victimization could be a major reason behind pregnancy among adolescents. The paper puts forward the different ways in which childhood victimization could cause mental trauma within children which could have detrimental impact on them during their childhood as well as their adolescent period. The paper has presented extensive research on how childhood victimization could be preventive with the law and order systems present in a country and also presents and analysis on how untreated victimized children could have an unpleasant adolescent period which could be in the form of unwanted pregnancies. The paper highlights the various ways in which childhood victimization and adolescent issues are interrelated and stresses on the fact that appropriate measures should be taken by the authorities to minimize such acts of victimization.
Walsha, C. (2008). Measurement of victimization in adolescence: Development and validation of the Childhood Experiences of Violence. The International Journal of Social Science, 13(4), 1037–1057.
This paper presents evaluative data on various aspects of childhood victimization and also puts forwards the different ways in which these data could be measured and evaluated in order to analyze the extent to which childhood victimization is prevent in different countries. The author has conducted various secondary as well as primary researches in order to collect data on childhood victimization. In United States, the primary source of data has been from the National Crime Victimization Survey. Primary data has been collected by the author by preparing a Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.
Kelaidis, M. (2014). Childhood victimization: Violence, crime and abuse in the lives of young people. Security Journal, 22(5), 217-276.
This paper puts forward and highlights the tremendous movement that has taken place over the last two decades in the field of juvenile or childhood justice. The author presents a report on the childhood offenders and the offenses they have committed. The paper also focuses on the policy experimentation of the justice system, community attention of the issue and how the money of the tax payers are being utilized by the justice system in order to conduct research on childhood victimization. The author mentions in his report the various instances when active measures have been taken by the judicial system of United States in order to provide appropriate justice to all those children who have been victimized.
Ronel, N. (2008). Trends & Issues in Victimology (1st ed., Vol. 1, p. 330). Delhi: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
This book highlights the different theoretical as well as practical issue related to victimology which is the science of victims. This book has a section exclusively on childhood victimization and presents an outlook on how our current society and judicial system views such cases of victimization. This book puts forward a modern outlook on how the right to privacy of the victims is sometimes deprived for the greater benefit of the accused and for the sake of public interest. It also presents an extensive research work on the characteristics of the victims both children and adult victims. Several solutions and recommendations in order to provide balance to the judicial system and in order to improve the conditions of the victims have been presented in this book.
Harvey, P. (2009). The Cycle of Violence: Addressing Victimization & Future Harmfulness through an Integral Lens. Journal of Social Criminology, 22(3), 111-132.
According to Harvey (2009), the cycle of violence could have a detrimental impact on the overall society once it starts from the childhood.This paper seeks to reveal the different ways in which victimization of different kinds could be dealt with so that the negative impact of such victimization could be minimized to a great extent. Several recommendations have been suggested which if followed could help the officials of law and order to curb the cycle of violence to a significant extent. The paper also puts across the opinion of different psychiatrists regarding the different ways in which childhood victimization could be dealt with.
Dussich, J. (2010). Victimology – Past, Present and Future. 131ST International Senior Seminar, 5(1), 116-128.
Dussich (2010) presents an overview on different aspects of victimology and how this science of victims has progressed through the centuries. Different methods of measuring victimization havealso been presented in the paper in vivid details. Various law and enforcement measures are also suggested in the paper which different law and enforcement officials of different countries follow in order to prevent victimization. The future of the study of victimology has also been researched upon in this paper and it has been put forward that focus on victimology could prevent various victimization instances including childhood victimization.
Hall, M. (2013). Challenges for Criminology and Victimology in the 21st Century. Journal of Criminal Justice and Security, 3(2), 371-391.
This paper puts forward the different ways in which the study of criminology and victimology are linked with each other. According to the author if both of these sciences are researched upon dedicated, it could help in preventing various instances of victimization as well as various criminal activities as well. This paper has been successful in portraying the various challenges that victimology and criminology has to confront in the 21st century.
Part 3
The secondary data for this research project is going to be collected through the following mentioned ways:
Firstly, Official reports gathered from the law enforcement departs and from the judicial departments dealing with cases pertaining to children victimization.
Secondly, Published Journals and research articles on the topic “Children Victimization” as well as “Victimology”
The primary data for this research project is going to be collected through the following mentioned ways:
Firstly, surveys involving interviewing people who have committed an offence related to children victimization
Secondly, Surveys involving interviewing the children and their parents who have been victims and have had experiences of childhood victimization.
In order to conduct the above mentioned surveys, it is necessary to first approach the law enforcement officials regarding data on which people have committed offences related to children victimization. Data pertaining to which people has been the victim could also be collected from the law enforcement department. After making the list of people that needs to be interviewed, it is necessary to make two sets of questionnaires, one set of questionnaire for interviewing the victims and another set of questionnaire for interviewing the offenders. It is necessary to make sure that most of the questions are closed ended so that the statistical analysis of the gathered data could be done without much difficulty.
Statistical methods that could be used for data analysis are as follows:
Chi-Square Statistical Analysis- The chi-square () test is used to measure the alignment that exists between two sets of measures of frequency. These measures must be categorical counts and not percentages or ratios.
Advantages for using Chi-Square Statistical Analysis are as follows:
Firstly, chi-square statistical analysis is much easier to compute than other statistical analysis
Secondly, Chi-Square test could be utilized on data that is measured on nominal or categorical scale.
Thirdly, this test could be utilized to find out if there are any differences between two or more group of participants. For instance, it could be used to find if there is a relation between the intensity of victimization and the number of victims of certain location.
Fourthly, Chi-Square test does not make any assumption about the distribution of the concerned population.
Disadvantages for using Chi-Square Statistical Analysis are as follows:
Firstly, all the participants that are to be measured must be independent which means that a participant cannot be fitted into more than one category.
Secondly, Chi-Square test is only applicable on frequency data.
T-Test statistical analysis- It is a statistical examination of the two population means. A two sample t-test could be used in order to examine whether the two samples are different or not and is most often used when the variance of both the normal distribution is not known and when the experiment requires the utilization of small sample size.
Advantages of T-Test Statistical Analysis are as follows:
Firstly, for conducting T-Test analysis, large sample size is not required. This type of analysis helps in saving money as well as does not require collection of huge amount of data for analysis.
Secondly, T-test allows appropriate control of individual differences which results in small effects because the amount of random error is very minor.
Thirdly- T-Test analysis offers simplicity of interpretation of data.
Disadvantages of T-Test Statistical Analysis are as follows:
Firstly, large data analysis could be a problem if T Test analysis is conducted.
Secondly, in T-Test analysis only one factor is used once at a time and at a time only two levels could be used.
Thirdly, T-Test analysis could be subjected to Type 1 error due to increase in simultaneous tests.
Correlation Statistical Analysis- This is a simple form of statistical analysis that tries to find out the numerical relationship that exists between two sets of equally sized data. Correlation analysis compares the two sets of data and finds out whether the movement in the numerical value of one set of data has any impact on the numerical value of the other set of data.
The advantages of correlation statistical analysis are as follows:
Firstly, it is the simplest statistical method of finding out whether there exists any relation between the two sets of data.
Secondly, calculation of this statistical method does not require the utilization of any sophisticated software. The calculation requires the utilization of a simple formula and correlation could be drawn upon on the basis of that calculation.
Disadvantages of Correlation Statistical analysis
The main disadvantage of correlation analysis only draws whether there is a relationship between the two sets of data but does not explain cause behind the relationship.
For the purpose of data analysis of this research work, the most preferred statistical method would be the Correlation Statistical Analysis. The main purpose of this research work is to find out whether there exists a relationship between instances childhood victimization and strict law and order of a country. Here in this case one set of data would be the instances of childhood victimization. Another set of data would by the number of legal policies or laws pertaining to childhood victimization. Therefore, through correlationanalysis, the relationship between the instances of childhood victimization and the strict statutory laws can be seen t either exist or not.References
Andrea, W. (2012). Understanding Interpersonal Trauma in Children: Why We Need a Developmentally Appropriate Trauma Diagnosis. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(2), 187–200.
Ben-David. S. and Goldberg, I. (2008). The Relationship of Childhood Victimization, Drug Abuse and PTSD to Adult Delinquency in a Prison Population. In: Trends and Issues in Victimology. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholar Publishing. 4(2), 205-221
Cook, C. (2010). Predictors of Bullying and Victimization in Childhood and Adolescence: A Meta-analytic Investigation. School Psychology Quarterly, 25(2), 65–83.
Stevens, C. (1994). Childhood victimization: Relationship to adolescent pregnancy outcome. International Journal of Science, 18(7), 569–575
Walsha, C. (2008). Measurement of victimization in adolescence: Development and validation of the Childhood Experiences of Violence. The International Journal of Social Science, 13(4), 1037–1057.
Kelaidis, M. (2014). Childhood victimization: Violence, crime and abuse in the lives of young people. Security Journal, 22(5), 217-276.
Ronel, N. (2008). Trends & Issues in Victimology (1st ed., Vol. 1, p. 330). Delhi: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Harvey, P. (2009). The Cycle of Violence: Addressing Victimization & Future Harmfulness through an Integral Lens. Journal of Social Criminology, 22(3), 111-132.
Dussich, J. (2010). Victimology – Past, Present and Future. 131ST International Senior Seminar, 5(1), 116-128.
Hall, M. (2013). Challenges for Criminology and Victimology in the 21st Century. Journal of Criminal Justice and Security, 3(2), 371-391.
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