I would need help with a 3 page essay using the papers contained in the attached annotated bibliography

Karolina Ogorek

Professor: Dr. Anne-Marie Hanson

ENS 552

11/21/2016

 

Annotated Bibliography

 

 

Ainuson, K. G., “Urban Water Politics and Water Security in Disadvantaged Urban

Communities in Ghana.” African Studies Quarterly, Vol. 11, Issue 4, 2010, 59-82.

 

Ainuson argues that private sector participation has to be implemented to improve water supply in developing countries. He states that the Ghana has tried to introduce this method however it has caused an increase in tariffs and prevents urban areas from expanding their infrastructure. To further explore the benefits of private sector participation, the author first examines Ghana’s current urban water policies and how it affects the community. The limitations and opportunities of various water supply agencies were evaluated to determine the appropriate technique for water supply improvement in Ghana’s urban communities. Furthermore, the author stresses the importance of community participation in the decision making process and policy implementation.

 

Brunner, N., Mishra, V., Sakthivel, P., Starkl, M., & Tschohl. C.,"The Human Right to Water in

            Law and Implementation." Laws, Vol.  4, No. 3, 2015, 413-71.

 

This article argues that the Human Rights to Water Law (HRW) has not positively supported countries that suffer from clean water and sanitation facilities. Under the HRW Law, government is responsible for supplying clean water to the communities. The authors discuss how some countries face discrimination and lack funding for providing the service. To see how effective the HRW Law is, over fifty countries were analyzed by comparing various policies from published sources. The policies included analyzing budgets to establish reasonable funded programs focusing on the poor population. Some of the main countries analyzed were India and South Africa because, they were shown to have a high water deficiency and suffer from poverty.

 

Eja, E. I., Otu, J, E., Atu, J. E., Edet, E.O., “Urban Water Supply as a Catalyse for Socio-

            Economic Transformation of Port Harcourt City, Nigeria.” International Journal of

            Humanities and Social Science, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2011.

 

This paper evaluates how climate, physical and socio-economic factors impact the quantity of water used by individuals in Port Harcourt City, Nigeria. The authors stress the importance of the government to take corrective action and renew the operations of the Water Board to transform the city’s water supply. Data has shown that Port Harcourt City suffers from financial problems and would have to reestablish their budgetary plan to increase the city’s infrastructure. Additionally, the article provided information on the water standards of The World Health Organization in comparison to Port Harcourt City’s water quality.

 

Kioko, K. J., & Obiri, J.F. “Household Attitudes and Knowledge on Drinking Water Enhance

            Water Hazards in Per-Urban Communities in Western Kenya.” Jamba: Journal of

            Disaster Risk Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2012, 1-5.

 

This article discusses how safe drinking water in developing countries is an ongoing problem.  To further research the issue, a study was conducted amongst three hundred and seventy-eight households in the Kakamega Town of Kenya. The goal of the study was to analyze the participants’ knowledge, attitudes and everyday use of drinking water. Questionnaire interviews were used for data collection. Based on the results the researchers recommended that the government of Kenya should organize effective training for safe water treatment and water storage for their community. In addition, they also mentioned that the training should model the water policies of the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF).

 

Mensah, Kwadwo. "GHANA - Study Country Report - IRCWASH."  UK Department for

             International Development, 1999. 1-33.

 

This report explains how water is managed in Ghana according to the country’s customary and statute laws. The author further discusses the agencies that manage water under the statute law. The agencies are, The Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation (GWSC) and the Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA). The GWSC is responsible for controlling water and sewerage systems in urban areas and the CWSA controls water systems in rural areas. The article discusses how the role of the district assemblies and regulatory institutions impact Ghana’s water rights. In addition, the author mentions the problem of the GWSC and how the Community Water & Sanitation Programme has been successful in providing water to the rural areas and how they involve community participation.

 

Nerubacha, D. W., Snow, G., “Impact Evaluation of Rural Water Supply to Sinyerere Villages,

            Kenya.” International Journal of Science Commerce and Humanities, Vol. 1, No. 7,

            2013, 45-69. 

 

The article discusses the connection water scarcity has with poverty. The authors explain The Millennium Development Goals (MDG), which are a set of eight goals established by the United Nations to reduce the number of people living in extreme poverty by the year 2015. The eight goals are: eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, achieve universal primary education, promote gender equality and empower women, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases, ensure environmental sustainability and develop a global partnership for development. These goals were further examined in a case study in rural villages of Kenya to see if the communities were improved and what additional improvement needs to be made. In contrast, the article provides previous research on MDG and rural communities and how water and sanitation was not highlighted as an importance.

 

Pink, Ross. “Child, Rights, Rights to Water and Sanitation, and Human Security.” Health and

            Human Rights, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2012, 78-87.

 

In “Child Rights, Rights to Water and Sanitation, And Human Security”, Ross Pink stresses how there is a gap between international human water rights and children being able to access clean, safe water. Even though there are laws such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and The Convention Rights of the Child, children living in areas where water is scarce or contaminated, they suffer from waterborne diseases. The article further elaborates on the importance of providing sanitary water to child health and overall human security. The author also explains in detail child and water rights in relation to international laws and what they entail.

 

Rondi, L., S. Sorlini., M. Collivignarelli. "Sustainability of Water Safety Plans Developed in

            Sub-Saharan Africa." Sustainability Vol, 7, No. 8, 2015, 11139-1159.

 

The article highlights the development of the Water Safety Plan in order to manage the contaminated water supply in sub-Saharan Africa. To ensure this plan is sustainable, the plan was evaluated in two rural communities, Senegal and Burkina Faso. The researchers used two different methods in collecting their data. The first method was a questionnaire containing the following sustainability elements: technical, economic, organizational and institutional, social and cultural, environmental and health. The subjects involved in this method were the stakeholders involved in the Water Safety Plan. The opinions of the stakeholders helped determine if the Water Safety Plan will be a successful plan for the two rural communities and to point out any improvements that need to be made to the sustainability of the water treatment. The second evaluation method reported was time and cost analysis needed to develop the Water Safety Plan in both African communities. The authors concluded that additional methods should be used to examine the continuity of a project and having a reliable non-government organization that will engage and educate the community on water sustainability.

 

Sedegah, D., D., Tuffour, M., “Demand Responsive Approach (DRA): A Neoliberal Approach

            for Rural Water Delivery and Management in Ghana.” The International Journal of

            Humanities & Social Sciences, Vol. 2, Issue. 2, 2014, 160-164.

 

The article explains Ghana’s economic crisis that occurred in the 1980’s and how financial institutions were introduced to assist in financing the country’s economy. The authors explain the purpose of the institutions was to lower inflation and government spending on public services.

In addition, the article argues that the urban areas benefitted more than rural areas from these institutions due to the community’s water stability and overall economy. It is also strongly emphasized by the article that women and marginalized groups were excluded from decision-making processes in relation to service management and budget.

 

Swatuk, L. A., “A Political Economy of Water in Southern Africa.” Water Alternatives, Vol. 1,

            Issue. 1, 2008. 24-47.

 

 

In “A Political Economy of Water in Southern Africa”, Swatuk focuses on the southern African region and how economically underdeveloped the part of the continent is. The author discusses the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) planning process, which is a management approach used to regulate a country’s water resources and scarcity. The author argues that this approach can be successful but the country would have to reevaluate their purpose and seek assistance from outside supporters. This would include working with stakeholders to fund water education and training programs for everyone in the community. Furthermore, the author provides background information on Africa’s underdeveloped political economy and how European settlers took over the land resulting in failure for Africa to diversify their economy.